Communication Flashcards
What is the communication loop?
ATC transmits a clearance;
Pilot Listens then Transmits Read-back;
Controllers Listens hear-back;
Controller Transmits Acknowledge or Corrects;
Pilot Listens Hear-back
Why is the communication loop important?
Because ensuring that the loop is always completed
reduces the possibility of error
What is Read back?
Read-back is defined as a procedure whereby the receiving station repeats a
received message or an appropriate part thereof back to the transmitting station so as to obtain
confirmation of correct reception.
What are Hear back Read back errors?
Uncorrected erroneous read-back errors (known as a hear-back errors) may lead to a deviation from the intended clearance and may not be detected until the controller observes the deviation on his/her situational display. Less than required vertical or horizontal separation
(and an AIRPROX) is often the result of hear-back errors.
What does a pilot perceive if no acknowledgement of a clearance read back is received?
It is perceived by most flight crews as an CONFIRMATION of the read-back.
The absence of acknowledgement by the
controller is usually the result of frequency congestion and the need for the controller to issue clearances to several aircraft in succession
What information should always be readback by pilots?
ATC route clearances;
Clearances and instructions to enter, land on, take off from, hold short of, cross or backtrack on any runway
Runway-in-use
altimeter settings
SSR codes
level instructions
heading and speed instructions
Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) broadcasts,
transition levels.
What is expectation Bias?
The bias of expectation of clearance in understanding a communication can
affect pilots and controllers.
It can lead to: Transposing the numbers contained in a clearance (e.g. a flight level) to what was expected, based on experience or routine; and, Shifting a clearance or instruction from
one parameter to another (e.g. perceiving a clearance to maintain a 280 degree heading as a clearance to
climb/descend and maintain flight level 280).
What are examples of Hear back Read back errors?
-Very strong in certain number combinations - FL
-When clearance requests two or more separate pilot actions
-Similar Callsigns (e.g. Boeing 559 and Boeing 959)
-Low work-load
-Automatic Handovers - first part of message can be lost, hence readback discrepancies will not be detected.
How do you minimise Hear back Read back errors?
-Avoid long clearances with confusing numbers
-Avoid frequency congestion;
-Observe standard phraseology;
-Monitor frequency at all times
-Actively listen to readback acknowledgments
-Be extra attentive when mentioning altitudes (or flight levels)
-Speak louder than normal speech
-Speak crisply and clearly
-Do not make ambiguous transmissions.
What is Hearing?
PASSIVE PROCESS
What is Listening?
ACTIVE PROCESS, INVOLVING:
Selecting
attending
understanding,
remembering information.
Name the Barriers to communication?
-Distortion
-Workload
-Expectancy
-Noise & Masking
-Interruption
Input is processed from the environment by 4 major mechanisms – which are?
SENSORY
PERCEPTUAL
DECISION
EFFECTOR or RESPONSE
What are the stages (points) in the communication process?
Sender
Encoder
Transmitter
Signal
Interference
Reception
Decoder
Receiver.
What are the factors affecting verbal communication?
Word choice
Intonation
Speed
Tone
Distortion/Load
Expectation
Noise
Interruption.
