Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
study of the structure of the human body and
relationships between body parts
Anatomy
A type of anatomy that can be undertaken WITHOUT a MICROSCOPE
GROSS or MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY
Requires the use of a MICROSCOPE (e.g.
LIGHT or PHASE-contrast microscope)
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
requires the use of TRANSMISSION
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM) or SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)
ULTRAMICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
study of the CELLS which make up the different tissues of the body
Cytology
microscopic study of the TISSUES; also part of microscopic anatomy
HISTOLOGY
study of PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT.
EMBRYOLOGICAL ANATOMY
study of STRUCTURAL CHANGE associated with DISEASE
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
Study of body by SYSTEMS(e.g. DIGESTIVE System, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
Study of the organization of the body by specific REGIONS or areas(e.g. HEAD and
NECK)
REGIONAL ANATOMY
Study of external features (ex. bony projections),
which serve as landmarks for locating deeper
structures
SURFACE ANATOMY
➢ study of how the body parts come together to function
and keep the body alive
➢ occurs at many levels, including organisms, organ
systems, organ, cells, and biomolecules
Physiology
Study of the functions of the cell
CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY
Study of specific organ systems and how they function (e.g. respiratory system; digestive system; reproductive system; excretory system)
SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY
body’s major organs include
the brain, lungs, heart, liver, pancreas,
spleen, stomach, gallbladder, kidneys, large intestine, small intestines,
urinary bladder, and urethra.
Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss and helps produce vitamins D consist of hair, skin, nails, sebaceous glands and sweat glands
Integumentary System
Provides protection and support, allows body to move
Skeletal System
Produce body movements, maintains posture and produces body heat. Consists of muscle attach to the skeleton by tendons
Muscular System
➢refers to the specific relationship of the many individual parts
of an organism, from cell organelles to organs, interacting and
working together
➢living things are highly organized; disruption of this organized
state can result in loss of function and death
Organization
➢is the ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as
growth, movement, and reproduction
➢plants capture energy from sunlight to synthesize sugars (a
process called photosynthesis), and humans obtain energy from
food
Metabolism
➢ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment
and make the adjustments that help maintain its life
➢example: if body temperature increases in a hot environment,
sweat glands produce sweat, which can lower body temperature
down to the normal level
Responsiveness
➢refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism
➢can result from an increase in cell number, cell size, or the
amount of substance surrounding cells
➢example: bones grow when the number of bone cells increases
and the bone cells become surrounded by bone matrix
Growth
➢changes an organism undergoes through time
➢human development begins when the egg is fertilized by the
sperm and ends with death
Development
➢change in cell structure and function from generalized to
specialized
Differentiation
