Introduction to Human Anatomy part 1 Flashcards
____ study of the body structure in their relationship to one another
Anatomy
_____study of large body structures that are visible to the naked eye.
Gross Anatomy
____ superficial anatomical markings, general form (Cutting)
Surface anatomy
____ studied of all structures in an organ system
Systemic anatomy
___ study of a small structure that cannot be seen with the naked eye.
Microscopic Anatomy
____ the study of individual cells and their internal structures called organelles
Cytology
___ the study of tissues, groups of specialized cells.
Histology
_____ the study function and how the body works
physiology
_____relationship between anatomy and physiology.
EX: The elbow is a monoaxial hinge joint. The tight fit between the humerus and ulna only permits motion through the sagittal plane.
Structure determines function
_____ state of balance in which the body’s internal environment remains relatively stable despite changes in the internal and external environment.
Homeostasis
Homeostatic control mechanism involves the following Components: They are Seven
VSSCENP
Variable Stimulus Sensor (receptor) Control center Effector Negative feedback Positive feedback
____ factor being regulated
Variable
___produces a change in the variable
Stimulus
_____monitors enviroment and detects changes
Sensor(receptor)
____ analyzes input from the receptor and determines output to effector
Control center
___ cell or organ that carries out a response to regulate the variable by either depressing or enhancing the stimulus
effectors
___ the response of the effector counteracts the intensity of the original stimulus.
EX: regulation of the body temperature and blood composition
Negative feedback
___ the effector response intensifies the original stimulus causing the variable to move further away from its normal limits,
- Usually destabilizing
- Ex: Childbirth and blood clotting
Positive feedback
___ each level builds on the previous from smallest and simplest to largest and most complex
Levels of organization
What level has the simplest atom
- Atoms
- Molecules
Chemical level
_____ tiny particles which are the building blocks of matter
Atoms
______atoms combine to form molecules
Molecules
____cells are the smallest living units in the body
Cellular level
____similar cells grouped together to perform a common function
Tissue level
___organs are structures made up of two or more tissue types that work to perform a specialized physiological process
Organ level
____organs that work closely together to accomplish a common purpose
Organ system level
Organismal level
all 11 organ systems working together to promote life.
- This level includes you and me.
Levels of Organization?
smallest and simplest to largest and most complex
Chemical level cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system Organismal level
11 organ system of the body
Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system/ Immune system Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system Male/ female reproctutive system
Organs: Skin,hair, sensory receptors, sweat and other exocrine glands.
Functions: Encloses and protects internal body organs. Contains numerous receptors that detect sensory information.
Integumentary system
Organs: Bones, cartilage and ligaments
Functions: Supports the body and enables movement.
Skeletal System
Organ: Muscle and tendons.
Functions: Contracts to produce motion. Heat production.
Muscular System
Organs: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Functions: Collects and processes information from the senses via nerves and the brain and tells the muscles to contract to contract physical actions.
Nervous System
Organs: Endocrine glands (ex: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, gonads)
Functions: provides chemical communications within the body using hormones.
Endocrine system
Organs: Heart and blood vessels.
Functions: circulates blood around the body delivering nutrients to organs and cells and carrying their waste products away.
Cardiovascular system
Organs: Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.
Functions: Drains fluid from peripheral tissues to veins of the cardiovascular system. Defends the body against pathogenic viruses and bacteria that may endanger the body.
Lymphatic system/ Immune system
Organs: Lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavities, and sinuses.
Functions: Bring air into and out of the body to enable external respiration where oxygen is transferred into the blood and carbon dioxide is removed from blood.
Respiratory System
Organs: Oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine.
Functions: Ingest food, absorb nutrients, and eliminates waste from the body.
Digestive system
Organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions: Filter blood and produce urine to regulate blood composition and eliminate waste.
Urinary system:
Organs: MALE: testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland, penis.
FEMALE: ovaries, uterus, vagina, vulva, mammary glands.
Functions: he production of offspring.
Male/ Female Reproductive system
____is the initial reference point assumed when describing body parts. Sanding upright with legs together, feet flat on the floor, arms to the sides with palms facing forward.
Anatomical position
allow us to describe where one body structure is in relation to another.
Anatomical directions
Superior
above
inferior
below
posterior
behind
anterior
front
dorsal
back
ventral
belly
Deep
father from surface
superficial
near surface
distal
father from point of attachment
proximal
closer to attachment
Lateral
away from midline
medial
towards the midline
cephalic
head
cranial
surrounding brain
frontal
forehead
Nasal
nose
Otic
ear
ocular
eye
buccal
cheek
Mental
chin
cervical
neck
thoracic
chest
acromial
shoulder
mammary
breast
axillary
armpit
abdominal
belly
umbilical
navel
pelvic
hip
inguinal
later groin
pubic
medial groin
lumbar
loin
dorsal
back
brachial
arm
Antecubital
anterior of elbow
Antebrachial
forearm
Carpal
wrist
Olecranal
elbow
palmar
anterior of hand
digital
fingers
pollex
thumb
Femoral
thigh
patellar
anterior of knee
crural
leg
Tarsal
ankle
phalangeal
fingers r toes
pedal
foot
Hallux
big toe
gluteal
buttock
popliteal
posterior of knee
sural
calf
calcaneus
heel of foot
plantar
sole of foot
___ vertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions
Sagittal
___ section down the midline producing a left and right half
Midsagittal(median)
____ section off from midline producing a larger and smaller section
Parasagittal
_____ a vertical plane but divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Frontal ( coronal) plane
_____horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Transverse
Sectional anatomy -planes of the body
used to study internal structure
Sectioning organs/ tissues
Longitudinal
Transverse
oblique
____ cuts on the long axis of the specimen
Longitudinal section
____ cuts at a right angle/ perpendicular to logitudinal axis
Transverse
_____cuts at an angle other than perpendicular to logitudinal axis
oblique
_____ cavities are spaces that are closed to the outside. The axial portion of the body has two large body cavities; dorsal and ventral
Body cavities
Carnial cavity - contains brain
Spinal cavity - contains spinal cord
Dorsal body cavity
cavity contains brain?
Carnial cavity
cavity contains spinal cord?
Spinal cavity
Ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity
pleural cavities
pericardial cavity
___ encloses by ribs, muscle, and superior to the diaphragm
Thoracic cavity
right and left ______ which surround the lungs
pleural cavity
Mediastimun
- pericardial cavity- surrounds the heart
- Trachea, esophagus, major blood vessels and thymus
CAVITY;____surrounds the heart
pericardial cavity-
____ inferior to the diaphragm, enclosed by the abdominal wall and pelvic bones
Abdominoplevic cavity
what cavities are within the abdominoplevic cavity ?
Abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
digestive organs, spleen
Abdominal cavity
female reproductive organs, bladder
pelvic cavity
_____ four segments divide by a vertical and horizontal line passing through the umbilicus
Abdominoplevic quadrants
Right upper Quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
left lower quadrant
Abdominoplevic quadrants
Right upper Quadrant
right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of the intestines.
Left upper quadrant
left lobe of liver, left kidney, spleen, stomach, pancreas, portions of the intestines
Right lower quadrant
portions of intestine (including Cecum &appendix), right ureter, right ovary in women, right spermatic cord in men.
left lower quadrant
portions of intestines, left ureter, left ovary in women, left spermatic cord in men
Abdominopelvic regions
umbilical region Epigastric region Hypogastric right/left hypochondriac right/left lumbar region right/left iliac region
umbilical region
center most region: portions of stomach and intestines
Epigastric region
superior to the umbilical region (epi= upon), gastric= belly) most of the liver and stomach
Hypogastric
inferior to the umbilical region (hypo=below): urinary bladder, portions of intestines (including appendix), pubic symphysis, uterus and ovaries in women, prostate in men
right hypochondriac
flank epigastric laterally (chondro= cartilage)
*Part of right lobe of liver
left hypochondriac
flank epigastric laterally (chondro= cartilage)
*spleen
right lumbar region
lateral to the umbilical
*portions of the intestines (including ascending colon)
left lumbar region
lateral to the umbilical
*portions of the intestines ( including descending colon)
right iliac region
lateral to hypogastric
*portions of intestines (including cecum)
left iliac region
lateral to hypogastric
*portions of intestines (including sigmoid colon)
