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Introduction to Human Anatomy part 1 > Introduction to cytology > Flashcards

Introduction to cytology Flashcards

describe the cell theory

1
Q

All _________ are composed of one or more cells.

A

Living organism

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2
Q

Cells are the smallest __________

A

structural/ functional unit of life

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3
Q

cells arise from_________

A

pre-existing cells.

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4
Q

How do we study cell structures?

A

Light microscopes and Electron microscopes

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5
Q

What type of microscope is this?

  • Light passes through the specimen
  • 0.2 micrometers resolving power( new advancement in computer image enhancement have enabled higher resolution with microscopes)
  • Excellent for histology
  • good to visualize the shape of cells and larger organelles
  • multiple staining methods have been developed to improve contrast.
A

Light microscope

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6
Q

What type of microscope is this?

  • Uses beams of electrons
  • 0.2 nanometers resolving power ( 1000x higher than light microscopes)
  • Scanning EM
  • Transmission EM
A

Electron microscopes

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7
Q

_____ useful for cell surfaces, three-dimensional images

A

scanning EM

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8
Q

_____ Useful for exploring details of the internal structures of a cell and its organelles

A

Transmission EM

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9
Q

____ all cells vary in shape and functions but they all share general structures

A

Cell Diversity

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10
Q

What are the three main regions of cells:

A

Plasma membrane
cytoplasm
Nucleus

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11
Q

_____semipermeable barrier forming the outer border.

A

plasma membrane

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12
Q

_____ contents of the cell including organelles and a liquid called cytosol

A

cytoplasm

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13
Q

____intracellular fluid, contains ions, proteins, and nutrients.

A

cytosol

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14
Q

____ specialized cellular structures that perform a function.
What is one EX:

A

organelles

EX: nucleus

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15
Q

Can be a EX for Organelles. _____ contains the genetic material (DNA) that functions as instructions for making proteins.

A

nucleus

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16
Q

Size Range:

______Sensory neurons that extend from the tip of the toes to the brainstem

A

Longest cells (> 2 meters)

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17
Q

Size range

_____: Ovum (egg cell)

A

Largest cells (200 micrometers)

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18
Q

size range

____: Granule neurons in cerebellum and sprem

A

Smallest cells ( 4-5 micrometers)

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19
Q

What are the four common cell types?

A

Nervous tissue
Muscle tissue
Epithelia tissue
connective tissue

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20
Q

What tissue contains neurons and glial cells?

A

nervous tissue

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21
Q

what tissue contains muscle cells (a.k. a myocytes or fibers

A

Muscle tissue

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22
Q

what tissue contains epithelial cells?

A

epithelial tissue

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23
Q

What tissue contains mesenchymal cells ( Connective tissue stem cells), fibroblasts, fibrocytes, adipocytes (fat storage cells), chondrocytes ( mature cartilage cells), Osteocytes (mature bone cells ) Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Luekocytes ( white blood cells)?

A

Connective Tissues

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24
Q

_____ separates extracellular fluids ffrom intracellular fluid.

A

Plasma membrane

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25
Q

___ controls what enters and exits the cell

A

selective permeability

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26
Q

_______ cell recognition,binds hormones, cell communication

A

Cell markers and receptors

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27
Q

______ between other cell members or extracellular materials

A

Adhesion

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28
Q

What are the functions of the Plasma member?

A

Plasma member:
Selective permeability
cell markers and receptors
adhesion

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29
Q

What does the structure of the plasma membrane mean?

A

Fluid mosaic model

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30
Q

What is the plasma membrane made of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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31
Q

What are two type of phospholipid bilayer?

A

Hydrophilic heads and

hydrophobic tails

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32
Q

___ orient towards the extracellular and intracellular fluid

A

Hydrophilic heads

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33
Q

____ orient inward, away from the fluid

A

hydrophobic tails

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34
Q

What are the three different types of proteins?

A
  • Peripheral membrane proteins
  • Integral membrane proteins
  • Channel proteins
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35
Q

____ functions as receptors, enzymes, and channels

A

Proteins

36
Q

______ on the inside or outside of the member

A

Peripheral membrane proteins

37
Q

____ embedded in the membrane

A

Integral membrane proteins

38
Q

____ allows ions in/out of the cells

A

Channel proteins

39
Q

What is the Plasma membrane composed of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Protiens
glycocalyx
Cholesterol

40
Q

____ glycoproteins and glycolipds serve as biological markers for leukocytes of the immune system to recognize self Vs. non-self

A

Glycocalyx

41
Q

____ stabilizes membrane

A

Cholesterol

42
Q

_____ working cells must control the flow of materials between the Intracellular fluid- within the cell and Extracellular fluid- outside the cell

A

Plasma Membrane Transport

43
Q

What are the four plasma membrane Transport?

A

Passive transport
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

44
Q

___ movement of solutes across a membrane DOES NOT require the cell to spend energy in the form of ATP.
Ex: Diffusion, and Osmosis

A

Passive transport

45
Q

_____ requires energy (ATP) to move solutes across the membrane. Movement of solutes against the concentration gradient or very large molecules
Ex: Solute Pumping

A

Active Transport

46
Q

______ proteins use ATP to transport solutes against concentration gradient
Example: Sodium-potassium pump

A

Solute Pumping

47
Q

______Moves material from extracellular space into the interior of the cell
EX: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Endocytosis

48
Q

___ cell takes in a large particle “ Cell is Eating”

A

Phagocytosis

49
Q

___ cell takes in sample of extracellular fluid and small particles
“ Cell is drinking”

A

Pinocytosis

50
Q

____ Cell is takes in particles with specific structures ( chemical shapes that called ligands than bind to receptors)

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis

51
Q

_____ moves material from cell interior to the extracellular space. Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane expelling the contents out of the cell.
Ex: Secreting enzymes, secreting pancreas enzymes

A

Exocytosis

52
Q

_____ control center of the cell, contains chromosomes made of chromatin.
IN IT:
Chromatin, Nuclear envelope and the nucleolus

A

Nucleus

53
Q

____ strands of DNA (genetic material) bound to proteins

A

Chromatin

54
Q

___ double membrane separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear envelope ( a.k.a nuclear membrane )

55
Q

___ dark stained body, site of ribosome production

A

Nucleolus

56
Q

How does the central Dogma of genetics works?

A

DNA to MESSENGER RNA to PROTEIN

57
Q

___ occurs in the nucleus the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA coding for a gene are read and used to guide the synthesis of a messenger RNA copy of the gene with a corresponding nucleotide sequence.

A

Transcription

58
Q

___ occurs at ribosome when sequence of messenger RNA is read and used to guide the synthesis of a protein.

A

Translation

59
Q

___ small dark bodies made of protein and RNA

  • Site of protein synthesis (translation)
  • found free in the cytoplasm and attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
A

Ribosomes

60
Q

_______ fluid- filled coiled tubules. serves as a channel for transporting substances within the cell.

A

Endoplasmic reticulumn (ER)

61
Q

_______Er

  • Studded with ribosomes
  • manufactures all ssecreted proteins
A

Rough

62
Q

____Er

*Functions in lipid metabolism and cell signaling

A

Smooth

63
Q

____ Stack of flat membranous sacs

* packages proteins for transport depending on their final destination

A

Golgi apparatus

64
Q

___ small membranous compartments bud off of the cell membrane,nucleus, ER, and Golgi apparatus

A

Vesicles

65
Q

What are the three distinct pathways of vesicles:

A

Secretory vesicles
Membrane renewal vesicles
Become lysosomes or peroxisomes and remain in cytoplasm

66
Q

What vesicle releases content by exocytosis?

A

Secretory vesicles

67
Q

What vesicles fuses with cell membrane?

A

Membrane renewal vesicles

68
Q

____ specialized vesicles containing proteolytic digestive enzymes

  • Digest proteins from non-usable and damaged organelles
  • Destroy bacteria and other foreign materials within the cell
A

Lysosome

69
Q

____ specialized vesicles containing oxidase enzymes.

  • Detoxify harmful substances like alcohol and formaldehyde
  • Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
A

Peroxisome

70
Q

____ double membrane structures

  • Infoldings of inner membrane are called Cristae
  • Inner fluid called the Matrix
  • “Powerhouses” of the cell provides ATP for cellular energy
  • Contains it’s own circular DNA for reproduction and protein synthesis
A

Mitochondrion

71
Q 
\_\_\_\_ " cell skeleton", provides the cell with an internal framework, support organelles, and facilliates intracellular motility.
***They are made of proteins 
Ex: Microtubules
      Microfilaments 
      Intermediate filaments
A

Cytoskeleton

72
Q
  • Hollow tubes made of protein
  • Radiate out from a region near the nucleus
  • Anchor and move organelles
  • form mitotic spindles during cell division
  • Largest diameter of the “cell skeleton” elements
A

Microtubules

73
Q
  • Concentrated under the plasma membrane
  • Function in cell mobility and shape
  • Braces plasma membrane and strengthens cell surface
  • Smallest diameter of the “cell skeleton” elements.
A

Microfilaments

74
Q
  • composed of proteins with high tensile strength

* resist pulling forces on the cell

A

Intermediate filaments

75
Q

Where are centrosome located?

A

near the nucleus

76
Q

centrosome directs what formation?

A

formation of microtubules

77
Q

_____ have an important role in enabling the movement of chromosomes during cell division.

A

Centrosome

78
Q

Centrosome consists of a pair of ______ - rod-shape bodies composed of short microtubles and other proteins arranged in a cylindrical structure.

A

Centriole

79
Q

What are some extensions of the cell membrane?

A

Cilia
Flagella
Microvilli

80
Q

____ whip-like extension that occurs on the free surface of the cell

  • Move substances along cell surface
  • Found on epithelial cells lining most of the respiratory tract
A

Cilia

81
Q

____ similar whip-like extension but much longer

  • Tail of sprem is only example in human anatomy
  • Functions to propels the cell itself.
A

Flagella

82
Q

___ small finger-like extension that increase surface area

*Found on epithelial cells lining the intestines and tubules of the kidney

A

Microvilli

83
Q

_____ form an impermeable barrier between cells by interlocking proteins encircling the cell.

  • Found at the apical surface of epithelial cells
  • Keeps out enzymes, acids, microorganisms
A

Tight Junctions

84
Q

____ Anchor intermediate filaments of adjacent cells together

A

Desmosome

85
Q

___ cells are connected by hollow cylinders

  • Allow chemical communication between cells
  • Found in smooth and cardiac muscle
A

Gap junctions

Introduction to Human Anatomy part 1 (4 decks)

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