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Introduction to Human Anatomy part 1 > Introduction to Histology Part 1 > Flashcards

Introduction to Histology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

___ a group of cells found together in the body

A

Tissue

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2
Q

What the four primary types of tissues form organs within the body?

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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3
Q

___ lines body surfaces and forms glands

  • cells fit closely together forming sheets
  • —–Desmoses and tight junctions hold adjacent cells together
  • Apical surface
  • Basal surface
  • Avascular ( no blood vessels)
  • High capacity to regenerate
A

Epithelial Tissue

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4
Q

_____( unattached) faces exterior or a lumen ( space in the body)

A

Apical surface

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5
Q

_____ (attached) anchored to extracellular fibers (basal lamina)

A

Basal surface

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6
Q

___ (CT) - Supports other tissues
*specialized cells dispered in non-living extracellular material -
Matrix
*Ground substance
-Three main categories of CT: CT proper, Supporting CT, Fluid CT

A

Connective Tissue

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7
Q

___ network of protein fibers surrounding cells in CT

A

Extracellular Matrix

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8
Q

______ Extracellular material that varies in consistency from thin liquid (plasma in blood), viscous liquid (maple syrup consistence in CT proper), gel (firm gel in cartilage) or solid (hydroxyapatite in bone). structurally and functionally diverse
*Three main categories of CT:
CT proper, Supporting CT, Fluid CT

A

Ground substance

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9
Q

What are the three main categories of CT:

A
  • CT proper ( includes strom of soft organs, tendons, and adipose)
  • Supporting CT (includes bone cartilage)
  • Fluid CT (includes lymph and blood)
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10
Q 
The following are what :
Fibrosyte
Adipocyte
Erythrocyte
Luekocyte
Osteocyte
Chondrocyte
A

Major CT Cell

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11
Q

___ mature cells that maintain the matrix (collagen) of CT proper

A

Fibrocyte

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12
Q

___ Store fat in CT proper ( abundant in adipose tissue)

A

Adipocyte

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13
Q

___ transport oxygen in blood

A

Erythrocyte

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14
Q

____ defend against infection

A

Leukocyte

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15
Q

___ Mature cells that maintain the matrix of bone

A

Osteocyte

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16
Q

____ Mature cells that maintain the matrix of cartilage

A

Chondrocyte

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17
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_ contracts to produce motion
Three main categories:
*Skeletal muscle 
*Smooth muscle 
*Cardiac muscle
A

Muscle tissue

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18
Q

What are the three main categories of muscle Tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle

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19
Q

___ connected to bones through tendons

A

Skeletal muscle

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20
Q

___ lines hollow organs

A

Smooth muscle

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21
Q

___ forms wall of heart

A

Cardiac muscle

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22
Q

_____ rapidly transmit and process information

  • found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves
  • Contains specialized cells called nuerons and nueroglia
A

Nervous Tissue

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23
Q

___ a continuous flat multi-cellular sheet that covers or lines a body part.
Two major types:
Epithelial membrane
Cutaneous membrane

A

Membrane

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24
Q

___ made of both epithelial and connective tissues

A

Epithelial membrane

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25
Q

___ cover the external surfaces of the body

  • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • Bound to underlying areolar CT
  • Epidermis and dermis
A

Cutaneous membrane

“ cutaneous means skin”

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26
Q

____ line cavities that open to the exterior

  • moist membrane
  • Varies in epithelium bound to underlying areolar CT
  • Respiratory, digestive, urinary
A

Mucous membrane

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27
Q

____ line ventral cavities that are closed to the exterior

  • simple squamous (mesothelium) on a thin layer of areolar CT
  • Parietal layer
  • Visceral layer
  • Serous fluid is secreted between the two layers
A

Serous membranes

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28
Q

What lines cavity walls ?

A

Parietal layer

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29
Q

What lines organs?

A

Visceral layer

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30
Q

What are some examples of serous membranes?

A

Pleura
pericarduim
peritoneum

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31
Q

What serous membrane surrounds the lungs?

A

pleura

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32
Q

What serous membrane surrounds the heart?

A

pericardium

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33
Q

What serous membrane lines abdominal cavity and abdominal organs?

A

Peritoneum

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34
Q

____ made of only connective tissue no epithelium

A

CT membranes

35
Q

______Lines inner surface of joint cavities

  • Areolar connective tissue only
  • Secrete synovial fluid for lubrication
A

Synovial Membrane

36
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ clotting ( coagulation) reduces blood loss from damaged blood vessels 
* A network of fibrin protein traps blood cells and binds the edges together.
A

Hemostasis

37
Q

Wound healing steps ?

A
  1. Hemostatsis
    2.Inflammation
    3 Granulation/ proliferation/ migration
  2. Remodeling
38
Q

____ response of the body to injury works to increase the number of leukocytes in the tissue to defend against infection and remove damaged tissue.

  • Inflammatory chemicals attract leukocytes
  • Four cardinal signs of inflammation::: Redness, heat, swelling, pain
  • Vasodilation
  • Blood vessels becomes “leaky” allowing leukocytes and fluid to move from the blood into the interstitial (extracellular) tissue spaces resulting in swelling
A

Inflammation

39
Q

_____ the widening of the blood vessels leads to increased blood flow

A

Vasodilation

40
Q

___ Fibroblasts from the surrounding connective tissue fill in the wound with a network of extracellular fibers and blood vessels grow through forming granulation tissue. Epithelial cells grow in from edges along the damaged surface.

A

Granulation

41
Q

_____ fibers of the connective tissue are reorganized to maximize strength and minimize scarring.

A

Remodeling

42
Q

What are the steps of remodeling?

A

Regeneration

fibrosis

43
Q

____ damaged tissue is replaced by the same type of tissue.

*Epithelial, CT proper, & bone regenerate easily; muscle and cartilage regenerates poorly

A

Regeneration

44
Q

____ damaged tissue is replaced by scar tissue ( dense connective tissue)
*Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue does not regenerate and is replaced by scar tissue.

45
Q

What is the Classification of Epithelia?

A 
Number of layers :
*Simple 
*stratified
*pseudostratified  
Cell shape at the apical surface:
*Squamous 
*Cuboidal
*columnar
46
Q

___ one layer

47
Q

____ more than one layer

A

Stratified

48
Q

____ one layer that looks like two

A

pseudostratified

49
Q

_____ flattened

50
Q

____ cube-shaped ( same width and height)

51
Q

____column-shaped ( taller than wide)

52
Q

______
Description: single layer of flat cells
Function: diffusion and secretion
Location: Air sacs ( alveoli) in lungs, serous membranes that line body cavities (mesothelium), inner lining of blood vessels (endothelium), portion of the nephrons in kidneys ( parietal layer of bowman’s capsule, and the thin segments of the loops of Henle).

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

53
Q

______
Description: Single layer of cube-like cells, central round nucleus.
Function: Secretion and absorption
Location: portions of the nephrons in kidneys (proximal and distal convoluted tubules, thick segments of the loops of Henle), ducts of glands, follicles of thyroid.

A

Simple cuboidal Epithelium

54
Q

______
Description: Single layer of tall cells, oval nuclei, often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus.
Function: absorption nutrients and secretion
Location: lines digestive tract and uterine tubes

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

55
Q

_____
Description: Many layers and the cells at the apical surface are flattened.
Function: protect underlying tissue from abrasion
Location: Skin, mouth, esophagus, rectum, vagina

A

Stratified squamous Epithelium

56
Q

_______
Description: two (or more) layers of cuboidal cells
Function: secretion
Location: lines ducts of sweat glands

A

Stratified cuboidal Epithelium

57
Q

______
Description: Apical cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape
Function: secretion
Location: Ducts of salivary glands

A

Stratified columnar Epithelium

58
Q

______
Description: single layer with columnar cells at apical surface but appears stratified without careful study to view that all the cells contact the basal lamina. Some cells are shorter than others, jumbled nuclei contains goblet cells and cilia.
Function: Secretion and propel substances (mucus) across cell surface
Location: Portions of respiratory tract (nasal cavity, larynx and trachea)

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

59
Q

______
Description: Numerous layers, basal cells appear cuboidal, apical cells very from dome shaped large cuboidal to wide large squamous.
*Function:Stretches to permit distension of urinary organs
Location: Lines ureters, urinary bladder, and portions of kidney (renal pelvis)

A

Transitional Epithelium

60
Q

____ a structure made up of one or more cells modified to synthesize and secretes chemical substance.

61
Q

What gland is this?

  • Expels secretions directly into surrounding tissue, diffuses into bloodstream
  • Ductless
  • Secretes hormones
  • Examples: thyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands, gonads.
A

Endocrine glands

62
Q

What gland is this?

  • Expels secretions onto a surface through a duct.
  • Examples: Globlet cells (Unicellular), sweat and oil (sebaceous) glands in the skin ( multicellular)
A

Exocrine glands

63
Q

What are the two examples Structural classification of exocrine glands ?

A

Branching of the ducts:
Simple and compound

Shape of secretory portion:
Tubular
alveolar( acinar)
Tubuloalveolar

64
Q

_____ Single unbranched duct

65
Q

____ branched duct

66
Q

_____ elongated tube shape

67
Q

____ expanded pocket or sac shape

A

alveolar (acinar)

68
Q

___ combination of tube shape with an expanded end

A

Tubuloalveolar

69
Q

What are the 6 types of connective tissues?

A 
Areolar Connective tissue
Adipose Connective Tissue
Reticular connective Tissue 
Dense regular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Elastic Connective tissue
70
Q

______
Description: loose CT proper
*Matrix:Fluid-gel with collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers
*Various cells- mesenchymal cells, fibroblast, fibrocyts, adipocytes, & leukocytes ( for example: Lymphocytes, mast cells, macrophages).
Function: supports epithelial tissue, space enables blood vessels to travel
Location: Common under epithelia in mucous and serous membranes

A

Areolar Connective Tissue

71
Q

____
Description: loose CT proper
*Matrix is same as an areolar CT tissue
*Closely packed adipocytees (fat cells)
*Fat globules take up the cytoplasm pushing nucleus to the side.
Function: insulation, cushion, fuel reserve
Location: Found under skin around kidneys, abdomen, breast

A

Adipose Connective Tissue

72
Q

____
Description: loose CT proper, delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers
Function: Forms soft supportive skeleton for organs (stroma)
Location: found in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver.

A

Reticular Connective tissue

73
Q

_______
Description: CT proper with numerous parallel collagen fibers
*Matrix: parallel bundles of collagen fibers
*cells fibroblast/fibrocytes
Function: resist uniderectional stress
Location: Tendons attaching muscle to bone & Ligaments -connecting bones

A

Dense regular connective tissue

74
Q

_____
Description: CT proper with numerous collagen fibers running different directions
*Matrix:ramdomly arranged bundlees of collagen fibers
*cells: fibroblast/fibrocytes
Function: resists multidirectional stress
Location: Dermis of the skin, joint capsules, fibrous capsules surrounding organs.

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

75
Q

What are the type of supporting CT?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibro cartilage
Bone

76
Q

_______
Description: Dense CT proper
*Martix: bundles of collagen fibers with numerous elastic fibers
Function: resists stress, stretches and recoils
Location: Elastic arteries such as the aorta

A

Dense Elastic connective Tissue

77
Q

what type of supporting CT is this?
_______
Description: Most common type of cartilage, appears glassy and uniform
*Martix: proteoglycans ( collagen proteins modified with chondroitin sulfate)
*cells: Chondrocytes in lacunae
Functions provide structure yet flexible
Location: nose, ends of bones, costal cartilage, tracheal rings.

A

Hyaline Cartilage

78
Q

What type of supporting CT is this?
______
Similar to hyaline cartilage with numerous elastic fiber bundles.
Description: Elastic fibers surrounded by proteoglycans, Chondrocytes
Function: very flexible, able to tolerate repeated bending and maintain shape
Location: external ear, eustachian tube, and the epiglottis

A

Elastic Cartilage

79
Q

______
similar to hyaline cartilage with numerous bundles of collagen fibers
Description: Bundles of collegen surrounded by proteoglycans, chondrocytes
Function: withstands heavy pressure and highly compressible
Location: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci

A

Fibro Cartilage

80
Q

_______
Description: Bundles of densely packed collagen fibers forming plates (lamellae) and struts ( trabeculae)
*Martix: Collagen fiberssurrounded by solid calcium salts (hydroxyapatite)
*Cells: Osteocytes within lacunae
Function hard tissue provides structures for the body and the protection of organs
Location: the Skeleton

A

Bone ( Osseous Tissue)

81
Q

What are two types of fluid CT?

A

Blood and Lymph

82
Q

____
Description: liquid that is colored red from numerous erythrocytes
*Matrix: plasma (mostly water with dissolved nutrients, minerals, proteins)
*cells: erythrocytes ( red blood cells), Leukocytes (for example: neutrophils, lymphocytes, & monocytes) and thrombocytes (platelets)
Function: a transport materials ( example: oxygen is transported from lungs)
Location: within organs of the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels)

83
Q

_____
Description: Clear liquid
*Martix: similar to plasma
*Cells: Leukocytes (for example: lymphocytes & monocytes)
Function: drain extracellular fluid, transport materials(e.g. flat from intestines)
Location: Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes

Introduction to Human Anatomy part 1 (4 decks)

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