Introduction to Histology Part 1 Flashcards by Yuri Diaz

___ a group of cells found together in the body

Tissue

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What the four primary types of tissues form organs within the body?

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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___ lines body surfaces and forms glands

cells fit closely together forming sheets
—–Desmoses and tight junctions hold adjacent cells together
Apical surface
Basal surface
Avascular ( no blood vessels)
High capacity to regenerate

Epithelial Tissue

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_____( unattached) faces exterior or a lumen ( space in the body)

Apical surface

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_____ (attached) anchored to extracellular fibers (basal lamina)

Basal surface

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___ (CT) - Supports other tissues
*specialized cells dispered in non-living extracellular material -
Matrix
*Ground substance
-Three main categories of CT: CT proper, Supporting CT, Fluid CT

Connective Tissue

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___ network of protein fibers surrounding cells in CT

Extracellular Matrix

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______ Extracellular material that varies in consistency from thin liquid (plasma in blood), viscous liquid (maple syrup consistence in CT proper), gel (firm gel in cartilage) or solid (hydroxyapatite in bone). structurally and functionally diverse
*Three main categories of CT:
CT proper, Supporting CT, Fluid CT

Ground substance

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What are the three main categories of CT:

CT proper ( includes strom of soft organs, tendons, and adipose)
Supporting CT (includes bone cartilage)
Fluid CT (includes lymph and blood)

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The following are what :
Fibrosyte
Adipocyte
Erythrocyte
Luekocyte
Osteocyte
Chondrocyte

Major CT Cell

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___ mature cells that maintain the matrix (collagen) of CT proper

Fibrocyte

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___ Store fat in CT proper ( abundant in adipose tissue)

Adipocyte

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___ transport oxygen in blood

Erythrocyte

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____ defend against infection

Leukocyte

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___ Mature cells that maintain the matrix of bone

Osteocyte

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____ Mature cells that maintain the matrix of cartilage

Chondrocyte

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\_\_\_\_\_ contracts to produce motion
Three main categories:
*Skeletal muscle 
*Smooth muscle 
*Cardiac muscle

Muscle tissue

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What are the three main categories of muscle Tissue?

Skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle

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___ connected to bones through tendons

Skeletal muscle

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___ lines hollow organs

Smooth muscle

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___ forms wall of heart

Cardiac muscle

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_____ rapidly transmit and process information

found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Contains specialized cells called nuerons and nueroglia

Nervous Tissue

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___ a continuous flat multi-cellular sheet that covers or lines a body part.
Two major types:
Epithelial membrane
Cutaneous membrane

Membrane

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___ made of both epithelial and connective tissues

Epithelial membrane

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___ cover the external surfaces of the body * Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium * Bound to underlying areolar CT * Epidermis and dermis

Cutaneous membrane | " cutaneous means skin"

____ line cavities that open to the exterior * moist membrane * Varies in epithelium bound to underlying areolar CT * Respiratory, digestive, urinary

Mucous membrane

____ line ventral cavities that are closed to the exterior * simple squamous (mesothelium) on a thin layer of areolar CT * Parietal layer * Visceral layer * Serous fluid is secreted between the two layers

Serous membranes

What lines cavity walls ?

Parietal layer

What lines organs?

Visceral layer

What are some examples of serous membranes?

Pleura pericarduim peritoneum

What serous membrane surrounds the lungs?

pleura

What serous membrane surrounds the heart?

pericardium

What serous membrane lines abdominal cavity and abdominal organs?

Peritoneum

____ made of only connective tissue no epithelium

CT membranes

______Lines inner surface of joint cavities * Areolar connective tissue only * Secrete synovial fluid for lubrication

Synovial Membrane

``` ______ clotting ( coagulation) reduces blood loss from damaged blood vessels * A network of fibrin protein traps blood cells and binds the edges together. ```

Hemostasis

Wound healing steps ?

1. Hemostatsis 2.Inflammation 3 Granulation/ proliferation/ migration 4. Remodeling

____ response of the body to injury works to increase the number of leukocytes in the tissue to defend against infection and remove damaged tissue. * Inflammatory chemicals attract leukocytes * Four cardinal signs of inflammation::: Redness, heat, swelling, pain * Vasodilation * Blood vessels becomes "leaky" allowing leukocytes and fluid to move from the blood into the interstitial (extracellular) tissue spaces resulting in swelling

Inflammation

_____ the widening of the blood vessels leads to increased blood flow

Vasodilation

___ Fibroblasts from the surrounding connective tissue fill in the wound with a network of extracellular fibers and blood vessels grow through forming granulation tissue. Epithelial cells grow in from edges along the damaged surface.

Granulation

_____ fibers of the connective tissue are reorganized to maximize strength and minimize scarring.

Remodeling

What are the steps of remodeling?

Regeneration | fibrosis

____ damaged tissue is replaced by the same type of tissue. | *Epithelial, CT proper, & bone regenerate easily; muscle and cartilage regenerates poorly

Regeneration

____ damaged tissue is replaced by scar tissue ( dense connective tissue) *Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue does not regenerate and is replaced by scar tissue.

Fibrosis

What is the Classification of Epithelia?

``` Number of layers : *Simple *stratified *pseudostratified Cell shape at the apical surface: *Squamous *Cuboidal *columnar ```

___ one layer

simple

____ more than one layer

Stratified

____ one layer that looks like two

pseudostratified

_____ flattened

squamous

____ cube-shaped ( same width and height)

Cuboidal

____column-shaped ( taller than wide)

Columnar

______ Description: single layer of flat cells Function: diffusion and secretion Location: Air sacs ( alveoli) in lungs, serous membranes that line body cavities (mesothelium), inner lining of blood vessels (endothelium), portion of the nephrons in kidneys ( parietal layer of bowman's capsule, and the thin segments of the loops of Henle).

Simple Squamous Epithelium

______ Description: Single layer of cube-like cells, central round nucleus. Function: Secretion and absorption Location: portions of the nephrons in kidneys (proximal and distal convoluted tubules, thick segments of the loops of Henle), ducts of glands, follicles of thyroid.

Simple cuboidal Epithelium

______ Description: Single layer of tall cells, oval nuclei, often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus. Function: absorption nutrients and secretion Location: lines digestive tract and uterine tubes

Simple Columnar Epithelium

_____ Description: Many layers and the cells at the apical surface are flattened. Function: protect underlying tissue from abrasion Location: Skin, mouth, esophagus, rectum, vagina

Stratified squamous Epithelium

_______ Description: two (or more) layers of cuboidal cells Function: secretion Location: lines ducts of sweat glands

Stratified cuboidal Epithelium

______ Description: Apical cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape Function: secretion Location: Ducts of salivary glands

Stratified columnar Epithelium

______ Description: single layer with columnar cells at apical surface but appears stratified without careful study to view that all the cells contact the basal lamina. Some cells are shorter than others, jumbled nuclei contains goblet cells and cilia. Function: Secretion and propel substances (mucus) across cell surface Location: Portions of respiratory tract (nasal cavity, larynx and trachea)

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

______ Description: Numerous layers, basal cells appear cuboidal, apical cells very from dome shaped large cuboidal to wide large squamous. *Function:Stretches to permit distension of urinary organs Location: Lines ureters, urinary bladder, and portions of kidney (renal pelvis)

Transitional Epithelium

____ a structure made up of one or more cells modified to synthesize and secretes chemical substance.

Gland

What gland is this? * Expels secretions directly into surrounding tissue, diffuses into bloodstream * Ductless * Secretes hormones * Examples: thyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands, gonads.

Endocrine glands

What gland is this? * Expels secretions onto a surface through a duct. * Examples: Globlet cells (Unicellular), sweat and oil (sebaceous) glands in the skin ( multicellular)

Exocrine glands

What are the two examples Structural classification of exocrine glands ?

Branching of the ducts: Simple and compound Shape of secretory portion: Tubular alveolar( acinar) Tubuloalveolar

_____ Single unbranched duct

simple

____ branched duct

Compound

_____ elongated tube shape

Tubular

____ expanded pocket or sac shape

alveolar (acinar)

___ combination of tube shape with an expanded end

Tubuloalveolar

What are the 6 types of connective tissues?

``` Areolar Connective tissue Adipose Connective Tissue Reticular connective Tissue Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Elastic Connective tissue ```

______ Description: loose CT proper *Matrix:Fluid-gel with collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers *Various cells- mesenchymal cells, fibroblast, fibrocyts, adipocytes, & leukocytes ( for example: Lymphocytes, mast cells, macrophages). Function: supports epithelial tissue, space enables blood vessels to travel Location: Common under epithelia in mucous and serous membranes

Areolar Connective Tissue

____ Description: loose CT proper *Matrix is same as an areolar CT tissue *Closely packed adipocytees (fat cells) *Fat globules take up the cytoplasm pushing nucleus to the side. Function: insulation, cushion, fuel reserve Location: Found under skin around kidneys, abdomen, breast

Adipose Connective Tissue

____ Description: loose CT proper, delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers Function: Forms soft supportive skeleton for organs (stroma) Location: found in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver.

Reticular Connective tissue

_______ Description: CT proper with numerous parallel collagen fibers *Matrix: parallel bundles of collagen fibers *cells fibroblast/fibrocytes Function: resist uniderectional stress Location: Tendons attaching muscle to bone & Ligaments -connecting bones

Dense regular connective tissue

_____ Description: CT proper with numerous collagen fibers running different directions *Matrix:ramdomly arranged bundlees of collagen fibers *cells: fibroblast/fibrocytes Function: resists multidirectional stress Location: Dermis of the skin, joint capsules, fibrous capsules surrounding organs.

Dense irregular connective tissue

What are the type of supporting CT?

Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibro cartilage Bone

_______ Description: Dense CT proper *Martix: bundles of collagen fibers with numerous elastic fibers Function: resists stress, stretches and recoils Location: Elastic arteries such as the aorta

Dense Elastic connective Tissue

what type of supporting CT is this? _______ Description: Most common type of cartilage, appears glassy and uniform *Martix: proteoglycans ( collagen proteins modified with chondroitin sulfate) *cells: Chondrocytes in lacunae Functions provide structure yet flexible Location: nose, ends of bones, costal cartilage, tracheal rings.

Hyaline Cartilage

What type of supporting CT is this? ______ Similar to hyaline cartilage with numerous elastic fiber bundles. Description: Elastic fibers surrounded by proteoglycans, Chondrocytes Function: very flexible, able to tolerate repeated bending and maintain shape Location: external ear, eustachian tube, and the epiglottis

Elastic Cartilage

______ similar to hyaline cartilage with numerous bundles of collagen fibers Description: Bundles of collegen surrounded by proteoglycans, chondrocytes Function: withstands heavy pressure and highly compressible Location: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci

Fibro Cartilage

_______ Description: Bundles of densely packed collagen fibers forming plates (lamellae) and struts ( trabeculae) *Martix: Collagen fiberssurrounded by solid calcium salts (hydroxyapatite) *Cells: Osteocytes within lacunae Function hard tissue provides structures for the body and the protection of organs Location: the Skeleton

Bone ( Osseous Tissue)

What are two types of fluid CT?

Blood and Lymph

____ Description: liquid that is colored red from numerous erythrocytes *Matrix: plasma (mostly water with dissolved nutrients, minerals, proteins) *cells: erythrocytes ( red blood cells), Leukocytes (for example: neutrophils, lymphocytes, & monocytes) and thrombocytes (platelets) Function: a transport materials ( example: oxygen is transported from lungs) Location: within organs of the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels)

Blood

_____ Description: Clear liquid *Martix: similar to plasma *Cells: Leukocytes (for example: lymphocytes & monocytes) Function: drain extracellular fluid, transport materials(e.g. flat from intestines) Location: Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes

Lymph