Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HMS Homeostasis I > Introduction to Hematology > Flashcards

Introduction to Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Blood centrifugation

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Major types of “formed elements”

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Erythrocyte lifespan

A

120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Thrombocyte lifespan

A

7-10 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Methods for measuring formed elements

A
  1. Electrical impedence: The change in resistance produced when a cell or cell fragment passes through an electric current conducted across a small aperture
  2. Flow cytometry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Obtaining blood counts

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Normal red cell indices

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Most important plasma proteins

A

Proteins of the coagulation cascade, certain coagulation cascade regulatory factors, von Willebrand factor, and proteins that promote the lysis of clots, such as plasmin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

By adulthood, hematopoiesis is normally confined to . . .

A

. . . the axial skeleton, the proximal long bones, and the skull.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Organization of bone marrow

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Decrease in all myeloid cells

A

Pancytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Increase in all myeloid cells

A

Pancytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When the marrow is examined, in most instances . . .

A

. . . both an aspirate and biopsy are taken, usually from the posterior iliac crest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
A

Megakaryocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
A

Reticulocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
A

Orthochromic normoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
A

basophilic (black arrow) and polychromatophilic (red arrow) normoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
A

Erythroblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
A

Metamyelocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
A

Myelocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
A

Promyelocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
A

Myeloblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Thymus on H and E

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Splenic “slits”

A

The splenic arteries eventually give rise to small, arborizing arterioles, which empty into the splenic red pulp, an interstitial space separated from the venous sinuses of the spleen by a basement membrane with slit-like openings. Red cells that have normal deformability are able to push through the slits and return to the circulation, but cells that are rigid are retained and removed by resident macrophages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Splenic red pulp diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lymph node diagram

A
27
Q

Sites of hematopoiesis throughout development

A
28
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell lineage

A
29
Q

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

A

In extreme circumstances of cellular demand, substantial numbers of HSCs and early progenitors may leave the marrow and migrate to the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, where they can produce lineage cells outside of the medulla.

30
Q

What typically keeps HSCs in the bone marrow?

A

CXCL12-CXCR4 interaction is the main factor. Bone marrow capillaries are rich with it, and HSCs express chemokine receptors that are constantly attracted to these sources. This is why bone marrow transplants work: the transplanted stem cells will all home there due to CXCL12 levels.

Under conditions of stress, HSCs localize around blood vessels and interact with mesenchymal, endothelial, and neural cells, which create a specialized niche rich in CXCL12. This niche also promotes quiescence through a poorly understood mechanism.

31
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells are indistinguishible from ___ on H and E.

A

Hematopoietic stem cells are indistinguishible from lymphocytes on H and E.

32
Q

HSC marker

A

CD34

33
Q

As differentiation proceeds, myeloid progenitors lose multipotency andthe capacity for self-renewal, but in turn, they acquire two other key properties:

A
  1. an increased capacity for cell division (transit amplification)
  2. surface expression of specific receptors for hematopoietic growth factors
34
Q

Hematopoietic growth factors

A
35
Q

TPO regulation

A

Constant amount is produced, but level of thrombopoiesis is instead regulated by competition for ligand by megakaryoctytes and thrombocytes.

36
Q

Why doesn’t mass sequestration of thrombocytes in the spleen increase thrombopoiesis?

A

Because of the way TPO is regulated: Those thrombocytes can still bind plasma TPO, preventing additional platelet synthesis.

37
Q

Epo signaling

A
38
Q

Unlike myelopoiesis, lymphopoiesis . . .

A

. . . occurs at both the level of lymphocyte progenitors and mature lymphocyte

39
Q

Major early lymphoid growth factor

A

IL-7

40
Q

NK cell growth factor

A

IL-15

41
Q

azurophilic granules

A

Visualized by Romanowsky stain. Aka ‘primary granules.’ Contain cathelicidins, defensins, elastase, peptidase-3, cathepsin-G, etc.

In NK cells and CD8+ T cells, but not in neutrophils, they also contain perforins and granzymes.

42
Q

The Notch pathway in lymphoid development

A

Lymphoid progenitors exposed to factors that activate the Notch pathway become T cells, and those that are not exposed become B cells or NK cells.

43
Q

PAX5

A

Transcription factor vital for B cell development, but not for other lymphoid lineages.

44
Q

CEBPA

A

Mutations in this transcription factor block granulopoiesis.

45
Q

BCL6

A

BCL6 protects germinal center (GC) B cells against DNA damage–induced apoptosis during somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination. Without it, you will have no mature B cells.

46
Q

Hematopoietic transcription factors

A
47
Q

PAX5 mutations are found in ___, whereas BCL6 mutations are confined to ___.

A

PAX5 mutations are found in tumors composed of early B-cell progenitors, whereas BCL6 mutations are confined to tumors derived from germinal center B cells.

48
Q

Some disorders treated with bone marrow transplant

A
  • Inherited blood disorders that qualitatively or quantitatively impair the function of HSCs or their progeny
  • Acquired bone marrow failure (aplastic anemia)
  • Some cancers, particularly those of hematopoietic origin
49
Q

___ is primarily used in the treatment of drug-induced neutropenia, particularly following high-dose chemotherapy

A

Recombinant G-CSF is primarily used in the treatment of drug-induced neutropenia, particularly following high-dose chemotherapy

50
Q

G-CSF vs GM-CSF

A
  • G-CSF: stimulates production of just neutrophils
  • GM-CSF: stimulates production of macrophages and neutrophils
51
Q

If a patient is severely neutropenic, they are essentially gauranteed to be infected by a bacterium within ____.

A

If a patient is severely neutropenic, they are essentially gauranteed to be infected by a bacterium within 3 weeks.

52
Q

Endoreduplication

A

Membrane invagination and cytoplasmic fracturing (on megakaryocytes it gives rise to platelets)

53
Q

Erythropoiesis diagram

A
54
Q

Granulopoiesis diagram

A
55
Q

___ are the engine of blood cell production

A

Progenitors are the engine of blood cell production

56
Q

G-CSF increases levels of the transcription factor ___

A

G-CSF increases levels of the transcription factor C/EBPa

57
Q

Common locations of ectopic hematopoiesis

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, pleura, liver

May occur when there is extreme production demand for blood cells or when bone marrow is being destroyed (like in myelofibrosis)

58
Q

Stages of stem cell transplantation

A
59
Q

Lineage ‘choice’ is specified by. . .

A

. . . the balance between competing transcription factors

60
Q

Notch1 v EBF

A

T cell v B cell

61
Q

GATA1 v PU.1

A

Meg/Ery v GranMono/Lym

62
Q

Granulocyte v Monocyte

A

C/EBPa v PU.1

63
Q

EKLF v Fli-1

A

Ery v Meg

64
Q

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia can be treated with. . .

A

. . . retinoic acid. This forces cells undifferentiated leukemia cells to differentiate and subsequently lose replicative ability.

HMS Homeostasis I (62 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions