INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL ANATOMY Flashcards
greek word meaning “to cut”
temniem
study of the parts of the human body and their relationship to one another
human anatomy
why study anatomy?
- analysis of clinical signs
- observation of clinical signs
divisions of human anatomy
gross (macroscopic) anatomy
histology (microscopic) anatomy
developmental anatomy
neuroanatomy
seen by naked senses
gross (macroscopic) anatomy
study of the minute structures that can only be seen with the aid of microscope
histology (microscopic) anatomy
study of the origin, growth, development of an organism from conception until birth; from one cell stage to the complex human being
developmental anatomy
study of the nervous system
neuroanatomy
materials used in the study of human anatomy
- drawings
- human models (ceramics, plastic, rubber, etc)
- human cadavers
- living anatomy
methods of studying human anatomy
- structural units
- regional / topographical anatomy
- systematic anatomy
- imaging
4 primary classes of tissues
- epithelial (for protection)
- connective (for support)
- nervous (specialized bc can transmit signals from one cell to another)
- muscular (contracting and relaxing)
building blocks
structural units
each region of the body studied separately
regional / topographical anatomy
each system studied and followed throughout the entire body
systematic anatomy
imaging
- radiographic anatomy (xrays)
- contrasting agents (liquid/reagents put in different structures of the body to be visible)
- subtraction and angiography (blood vessels yung nilalagyan ng reagent for visibility)
application of knowledge gained to the actual practice
applied anatomy
standard reference position of the body used to describe the location of structures
anatomical positions
ideal body position
toes point forward
body standing upright
face looking forward
feet together, flat on the ground
closed mouth
thumbs pointing to the sides/laterally
palms face forward
neutral facial expression
eyes opened
arms hanging by the side
anatomical planes
coronal plane, sagittal plane, transverse / horizontal / axial plane
oriented vertically; divides body into anterior and posterior parts
coronal plane
vertical; right angle to the coronal plane and divide the body into right and left parts
sagittal plane
superior and inferior parts
transverse / horizontal / axial plane
harap
anterior / ventral
likod
posterior / dorsal
organs or structures nearer to the median sagittal plane
medial
organs or structures farther to the median sagittal plane
lateral
nearer to the brain
cranial
nearer to the nose
rostral
nearer to the tailbone
caudal
nearer to the outer surface; external to the outer layer of deep fascia
superficial
most skeletal muscles and viscera
deep
body lying face upward
supine
body lying face downward
prone
inner layer found against organ
visceral layer
outer layer or most superficial layer of viscera
parietal layer
continuous with each other and lined by 3 membrane layers
cranial cavity
protection from hard protective bone that encloses delicate nervous tissue
meninges
contains the spinal cord
spinal cavity
contains the eye and its appendages
orbital cavity
passageway of air
nasal cavity
contains the teeth and the tongue
oral cavity
separates thoracic from abdominopelvic cavity
diaphragm
lining that secrete a lubricating film of moisture similar to blood serum
serous membrane
two layered membrane which enfolds the heart
pericardium
space that separates visceral and parietal layer
pericardial cavity
serous membrane enfolding each lung
pleura
serous membrane that lines abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneum
lines cavity wall
parietal peritoneum
lining that directly covers organs
visceral peritoneum / mesentery
region consists of head, neck, trunk
axial region
region consists of RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ (4 quadrants) or right, left, center areas (9 regions)
abdominal region
region consists of upper limb, lower limb, and segment
appendicular region
what consists of upper limbs / appandages / extermities
arm, forearm, wrist, hand, fingers
what consists of lower limbs
thigh, leg, ankle, foot, toes
region bet one joint and the next
segment
