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GENERAL ANATOMY 1 > INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

largest organ

A

integumentary system

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2
Q

makes up of integumentary system

A

skin and its appendages (hair, nails, glands)

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3
Q

largest and heaviest organ comprising of 8% body weight (1.5-2m² in adults)

A

skin

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4
Q

layers of skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis*

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5
Q

functions of skin

A
  • resistance to trauma
  • barrier
  • thermoregulation
  • vitamin d synthesis
  • communication
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6
Q

outermost layer of the skin composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and lacks blood vessels

A

epidermis

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7
Q

cells of epidermis

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells

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8
Q

majority of epidermal cells that synthesizes keratin and found at the deeper layer

A

keratinocytes

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9
Q

found at stratum basale that synthesize brown to black pigment called melanin and shield dna from uv rays

A

melanocytes

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10
Q

continually shed melanin containing fragments called

A

melanosomes

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11
Q

associated with sensory nerves or sensations

A

merkel cells

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12
Q

macrophage-like dendritic cells which are immune defense cells within epidermis

A

langerhans cells

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13
Q

layers of epidermis from deep to superficial

A

s. basale
s. spiniosum
s. granulosum
s. lucidum
s. corneum

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14
Q

deepest and youngest layer of epidermis located under dermis where stem cells divide and give rise to keratinocytes that migrate toward the surface and replace lost epidermal cells,

A

stratum basale / germativum

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15
Q

thickest layer and forms spiny appearance bc of dermosomes that attach keratinocytes tgt making toughness of epidermis

A

stratum spinosum

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16
Q

3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes containing keratohyalin granules

A

stratum granulosum

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17
Q

only present in thick skin and is densely packed with keratinocytes containing eleidin, translucent in color

A

stratum lucidum

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18
Q

oldest layer consisting of dead, scaly, keratinized cells that form a durable surface layer and is resistant to abrasion, penetration, and water loss

A

stratum corneum

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19
Q

well-supplied with blood vessels, cutaneous glands, and nerve endings, responsible for thermoregulation, hair follicles and nail roots are attached here, and composed of collagen, elastic, reticular

A

dermis

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20
Q

layers of dermis

A

dermal papillae and epidermal ridges

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21
Q

upward waves of fingerlike extensions between epidermis and dermis

A

dermal papillae

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22
Q

downward epidermal waves between the papillae where friction ridges can be seen

A

epidermal ridges

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23
Q

wavy boundary on fingertips producing fingerprints

A

friction ridges

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24
Q

2 zones of dermis

A

papillary layer and reticular layer

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25
Q

loose connective tissue that allows mobility of defense cells and is rich in small blood vessels

A

papillary layer

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26
Q

dense irregular connective tissue and has thicker bundles of collagen with less ground substance and toughens dermis

A

reticular layer

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27
Q

difference of thick and thin skin

A
  • presence of stratum lucidum
  • reticular layer in thin skin is thicker than thick skin
  • thick skin (sweat glands), thin skin (sebaceous glands and hair follicles)
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28
Q

found beneath skin and is known as subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia with more areolar and mostly made up of fats or adipose tissue, where drugs can be introduced through injection

A

hypodermis

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29
Q

responsible for skin color

A

melanin, hemoglobin, carotene

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30
Q

produced by melanocytes and accumulates in keratinocytes of s. basale & spinosum that protects skin from uv rays

A

melanin

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31
Q

brownish black skin color

A

eumelanin

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32
Q

reddish yellow sulfur containing pigment

A

pheomelanin

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33
Q

red pigment of blood

A

hemoglobin

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34
Q

yellow pigment from egg yolks and can be concentrated to various degrees in stratum corneum, found in palms and soles

A

carotene

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35
Q

skin markings

A

friction ridges, flexion ridges, freckles, moles

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36
Q

markings in fingertips for grasping and manipulation of surfaced objects, where fingerprints are seen

A

friction ridges

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37
Q

where skin folds and lines on flexor surface of digits, palms, wrists, elbows, etc,

A

flexion ridges / flexion creases

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38
Q

flat patches that vary with heredity and sun exposure

A

freckles

39
Q

elevated patch of melanized skin, often with hair

A

moles / nevus

40
Q

composed of dead, keratinized cells, is a hard keratin

A

hair and nails

41
Q

also called pilus / pili, slender filament of keratinized cells that grow from an oblique tube in the skin called hair follicle

A

hair

42
Q

fine, unpigmented type of hair that appears on fetus in last 3 mo.s of development

A

downy / lanugo

43
Q

fine, pale hair, present in 2/3 of women and 1/3 of men

A

vellus

44
Q

longer, coarser, more heavily pigmented type of hair found in eyebrows/lashes

A

terminal

45
Q

portion of hair above the skin

A

shaft

46
Q

beneath the surface that penetrates deeply into dermis/hypodermis and ends with a dilation called bulb

A

root

47
Q

vascular ct where bulb grows around and provides hair with its sole source of nutrition

A

dermal papilla

48
Q

mitotically active cells above the papilla, and is the hair growth center

A

hair matrix

49
Q

scaly and is the core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces and is most prominent in thick hairs

A

medulla

50
Q

most of the bulk of hair and is several layers of keratinized cells

A

cortex

51
Q

multiple layers of thin, scaly cells that overlap each other like roof shingles with their free dges directed upward and keep hairs separated so they dont become matted together

A

cuticle

52
Q

diagonal tube containing the hair root and is composed of two layers

A

follicle

53
Q

extension of the epidermis; widens to form a bulge toward the deep end which is a source of stem cells for follicle growth

A

epithelial root sheath

54
Q

derived from dermis and composed of collagenous ct

A

connective tissue root sheath

55
Q

nerve fibers that entwine each follicle and respond to hair movements; sensations (ex: bugs crawling on skin)

A

hair receptors

56
Q

pilomotor muscle/arrector pili; smooth muscle cells ext from dermal collagen fibers to ct root sheath of the follicle in response to cold, fear, touch, and other stimuli

A

arrector muscles

57
Q

rich in eumelanin hair color

A

brown/black

58
Q

rich in pheomelanin hair color

A

red

59
Q

intermediate pheomelanin but very little eumelanin

A

blond

60
Q

scarcity of melanins in cortex and presence of air in medulla

A

gray / white

61
Q

hair cycles

A

anagen catagen telogen

62
Q

hair cycle growth stage; 6-8 yrs for any follicle

A

anagen

63
Q

mitosis creases. follicle shrinks, hair dies and loses its anchorage; lasts for 2-3 weeks

A

catagen

64
Q

hard keratinized knot at its base

A

club hair

65
Q

follicle rests for 1-3 mo.s

A

telogen

66
Q

2 conditions of hair loss

A
  1. alopecia - generalized thinning of hair / aging
  2. pattern baldness - hair lost unevenly across the scalp rather than thinning uniformly
67
Q

made up of hard keratin for grooming, picking apart food, and other manipulations; allow for more fleshy and sensitive fingertips

A

nails

68
Q

medical diagnosis in nails in response to long term hypoxemia (oxygen deficiency in blood stemming)

A

swollen/clubbed

69
Q

iron deficiency in nails

A

flat / concave

70
Q

hard part and includes free edge

A

nail plate

71
Q

visible attached part of the nail

A

nail body

72
Q

extends proximally under the overlying skin

A

nail root

73
Q

surrounding skin that rises above the nail

A

nail fold

74
Q

skin underlying the nail plate

A

nail bed

75
Q

epidermis within nail bed

A

hyponychium

76
Q

thickening of stratum basale at the proximal end of the nail and where growth of nail occurs

A

nail matrix

77
Q

type of sweat glands present in groin, anal region, axilla, and areola, beard area, and uses exocytosis mode of secretion; thicker and milky due to presence of more fatty acids and secrete sex pheromones

A

apocrine glands

78
Q

type of sweat gland that is widely distributed in the body that leads to a sweat pore

A

eccrine / merocrine

79
Q

at deep end of apocrine which contractile properties similar to smooth muscle

A

myoepithelial cells

80
Q

inhibits bacterial growth in skin

A

acid mantle

81
Q

produces and oily secretion called sebum and opens into hair follicle

A

sebaceous glands

82
Q

keeps skin and hair from being dry, brittle, and cracked

A

sebum

83
Q

modified apocrine glands present in external ear canal

A

ceruminous glands

84
Q

milk-producing glands that develop within the female breast during pregnancy and lactation and is a modified apocrine glands

A

mammary glands

85
Q

type of skin cancer that is most common and easiest to treat with high survival rate that damages dna and disables protective tumor suppressor gene in epidermal cells

A

uv radiation

86
Q

types of uv radiation

A

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma

87
Q

most common type of uv radiation that is least deadly and seldom metastasize or travel to other parts of body, small and shiny bump which develops central depression and a beaded pearly edge

A

basal cell carcinoma

88
Q

from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum with scaly appearance and concave ulcer with raised edge

A

squamous cell carcinoma

89
Q

from melanocytes and is aggresive skin cancer common among men redheads severe sunburn in childhood

A

melanoma

90
Q

ABCD rule in recognizing melanoma

A

Assymetry
Border irregularity
Color
Diamter

91
Q

type of burns that is localized within epidermis with redness and slight edema and could heal in a few days, seldom leaving scars / sunburn

A

first degree

92
Q

type of burn with blisters and affected until dermis with partial thickness burns with 2 weeks - several months healing leading to scarring

A

second degree burn

93
Q

beyond dermis is affected

A

third degree burn

GENERAL ANATOMY 1 (6 decks)

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