introduction to ET

Question 1

negatively charged particle

Answer 1

anode

Question 2

positively charged particle

Answer 2

cathode

Question 3

atoms or molecules that has lost or gained electron

Answer 3

ion

Question 4

ionization

Answer 4

a process by which an atom acquires negative or positive charge

Question 5

conductors in human body

Answer 5

muscle
nerves
bodily fluid

Question 6

uses of electrotherapy

Answer 6

decrease pain
increase ROM
improve tissue healing
improve muscle activation

Question 7

why we use electric currents

Answer 7

because of,
magnetic
chemical
mechanical and
thermal effects

Question 8

aims of electrotherapy

Answer 8

muscle contraction
iontophoresis
treatment of pain
providing deep heating
medical galvanism

Question 9

current types in electrotherapy

Answer 9

direct current
alternating current
pulsed current
PAD

Question 10

DC

Answer 10

Direct current
=continuously in one direction
=there is risk of chemical burns
= uses iontophoresis
=denervated muscle stimulation

Question 11

AC

Answer 11

alternating current
= changes direction continuously
= different waveforms are available
=ex Russian premodulated and interferential
=uses afferent and efferent stimulation of nerve

Question 12

PC

Answer 12

Pulsed current
= current changes direction continually and there is intermittent interval
=microcurrent high volt as eg
= used for afferent and efferent stimulation of nerves
=different waveforms are available

Question 13

diffusion patterns in electric current in PC and AC

Answer 13

sinusoidal
triangular
rectangular
squared
spiked

Question 14

waveforms in AC and PC

Answer 14

monophasic
biphasic
polyphasic

Question 15

variables parameters for AC and PC

Answer 15

frequency
current intensity/amplitude
duration= pulsed [pc]
= cycle [ac]
= phase [pc and ac]

Question 16

membrane resting potential

Answer 16

electrical potential different btn inside and outside the cell = -70mV

Question 17

how muscle contraction is achieved

Answer 17

by ignition of muscle fibers via motor nerves

Question 18

ways of increasing muscle fibers ignition

Answer 18

1. spatial recruitment/ application area dependent ignition
2. temporal recruitment/ timed ignition

Question 19

spatial recruitment

Answer 19

=the more challenging the workout the more muscle fibers involvements
=this is only possible by increasing CURRENT INTENSITY
=ONLY working muscle fibers develop

Question 20

temporal recruitment

Answer 20

adjusted with only FREQUENCY

Question 21

high intensity, low frequency

Answer 21

Extremely light muscle work in a large area

Question 22

low intensity, high frequency

Answer 22

strong muscle work in a limited

Question 23

indications of et

Answer 23

pain control
enhance muscle recruitments
retard muscle atrophy
muscle strengthening
edema management

Question 24

contraindication of ET

Answer 24

cardiac pacemaker
seizure prone patients
neoplasm
pain of unknown etiology
transcerebral stimulation

Question 25

fibers responsible for acute pain

Answer 25

A delta fiber

Question 26

fibers responsible for chronic pain

Answer 26

C delta fiber

Question 27

when tissue is damaged what is secreted from the tissue

Answer 27

bradykinin
substance p
prostaglandins
histamine

Question 28

what does the chemical mediators secreted do

Answer 28

activate nociceptive nerve terminals
initiate the inflammatory response

Question 29

hyperalgesia

Answer 29

increase in sensitivity

Question 30

pain theories

Answer 30

specificity theory
pattern theory
gate control theory

Question 31

specificity theory

Answer 31

pain is purely physiological
we have sensory system specifically for pain

Question 32

pattern theory

Answer 32

when impulse enters spinal cord, can be summarized as stimulus must accumulate for onset of pain sensation

Question 33

gate control theory

Answer 33

based on principle of increasing or decreasing painful stimuli
minimal sensory impulse=high pain
impulses equivalent or dominant to pain = pain reduced

Question 34

how gate theory works

Answer 34

Pain stimulation is carried by small, slow fibers that enter the dorsal horn of the spinal cord: then T-cells transmit the impulses from the spinal cord up to the
brain.
* T-cells can be located in a specific area of the
spinal cord, known as the substantial gelatinosa
(SG).
* They can inhibit the communication of stimulation,
in other cases, they can allow stimulation to be
communicated into the central nervous system.
* Large fibers can prohibit the impulses from
the small fibers from ever communicating with
the brain
* The large fibers create a hypothetical “gate” that can open or close the system to pain stimulation

Question 35

factors influencing opening and closing of the gate

Answer 35

The amount of activity in the pain fibers.
The amount of activity in other peripheral fibers
Messages descend from the brain.

Question 36

endorphinic effects

Answer 36

• Pain relief
  – Decrease in anxiety
  – Feeling good