hot and cold therapy Flashcards
wht is the coldest theoretical temperature
absolute zero temp at zero-point energy with minimum thermal temperature
forms of enegy
mechanical
electrical
light
thermal
sound
types of energy
potential
kinetics
Energy that changes the phase and temperature of any matter which is caused by friction in which heat is produced by motion of the particles
thermal \heat energy
wht are the measurement of heat energy
calories and joules
a heat energy needed to increase the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celcius
calories
wht are the forms of heat transfer
1/ convection by mvmnt of currents eg boiling [whirlpool and bloood circulation]
2] conversion its a non thermal energy eg ultrasound, microwave and shortwave diathermy
3] conduction by touching eg hot, cold and paraffin
4] evaporation eg sweating and alcohol
5] radiation its a transfer by electomagnetic energy eg laser, ultraviolate, shortwave and microwave diathermy
wht are the factors affecting energy transfer
diameter, type and thickness of tissue
distance
time
intensity and size of radiation
temp difference
thermal conductivity
total contact area
types of heaters
1.superficial = affect cutaneous blood vessel
heat superficcial joints of hands and muscles and tendons to increase its excitability
2. deep heater = 3 to 5 cm without burn
mecahnism of actions
1.on Pain
a] heat mediate heat sensitive channel ie calcium channels
b] the channels increases intaracellular calcium
c] sensory nerve stimulation increses
d] once receptors are activated they inhibit the activities of purine i.e pain receprots
- circulation
mainly on superficial circulation a] noradrenergic = vasoconstrictor
b] cholinergic = vasodilators
3.muscle spasm
a] heat stimulat5e production of bradykinin by thermo receptors on skin
b] decrease firing rate of gamma efferent causing realxation
c] decrease firing rate of alpha motor neurons causing muscle relaxation and decrease muscle tone
wht are the types of sensory receptos
warm
cold
pain
what are the physiological effects of heat
increases
local blood flow
lymphatic drainage
capillary permiability
metabolic rate
cellular oxidation
flexibility of collagen tissues
respiratory rate
cardiac output
pulse rate
Decreases
joint stiffness
pain and muscle spasm
torque
blood supply to internal organs
blood pressure
stroke volume
healing
a] inflammatory phase
use cryotherapy not heat therapy
b] proliferation phase
new tissue and scar are formed
heat can be applied
c] remodeling phase
returning to health
heat can be used
muscle strength and endurance
decrease in initial 30 min
increases in 2 hrs
uses of thermotherapy
subacute or chronic= inflammatory phase, muscle spasm and pain
limitation in ROM n joint contracture
hematoma resolution
tissue healing
before passive and mobilization exercise
contraindications of thermotherapy
acute phase
recent or potential hemorrhage
impaired circulation
poor thermal regulation
over or around infected area or neoplasm
precautions to thermotherapy
too old or too young
mental retards
cardiac insufficient
metal implants
over tropical anesthesia
dermatological anomalies
what are the properties of hot pack
made of hydrophilic silicate or sand
temp of 70 to 75 degrees
take upto 30 min
what are the toweling methods and protocols of hot pack
toweling
5 to 8 layers
it protects the skin from potential buns
protocols
check every 5min
reduce layer every 4 to 5 min
total time 15 t0 20 min
what are the properties of paraffin
made of mixture of paraffin wax and mineral oil
temp of 45 to 54 degrees
cannot be applied to open wound and infections
paraffin
whata arre the advatages and diadvatages of paraffin bath
adv
comfort lower extremities and joints
make skin smooth and soothed
dis
less heat than hot pack
higher maintenance
limited application area
application of paraffin
parts should be washed and dried
all jewelry should be removed or covered by surgical tape
wrist should be relaxed
hand fingers apart
do not move the hand
hand is covered in plastic bad while waiting to harden
what are the techniques for paraffin bath
1, immersion = 15 to 20 min
2, glove technique= dip and remove allow wax to harden
= dip 6 to 12 times
= glove stay for 20 to 25 min
what are other superficial heating devices can be used
1, heating pads
2, portable heating pads [ use long lasting low heat on skin, for 6 to 8 hrs. in 40 degrees]
3, tropical analgesic [ icy hot] = doesn’t affect intramuscular temp
the energy required to change of state
latent heat
what are the physiological effects of cryotherapy
1, lower metabolism and temperature on the injured area
2.decreases = collagen extensibility
3 =muscle spasm and pain
4 = blood flow aka edema reduction
5 = bleeding and acute inflammation [vasoconstriction]
6, can elevate pain threshold, facilitates ease exercise
what are factors influencing the response to cold therapy
temp difference
time of exposure
thermal conductivity
type and size of cooling agent
total area
ability of cooling agent to maintain its temp
activity level= increase activity= increase circulation=faster rewarming
where is cold therapy applicable
in everything
acute inflammation
spasticity
1st degree burn = acute phase is 3months in pt
acute or chronic pain
post-surgical pain or edema
when to avoid cryotherapy
open wound aka frostbite
circulation insufficient
advanced diabetics
anesthetic skin
peripheral nerve injury
cardiac or respiratory involvement= hypertension because of vasoconstriction
cold allergy= Reynaud’s phenomenon
a pack containing water mixed with antifreeze which is prone to cause frostbite
gel pack
a most effective type of cold modalities which can get colder by wetting or adding salt
ice pack
least cooling but can have danger of chemical burns
crushable chemical packs
how many stages of cold
5 stages
cold = oh its cold
pain= not actual pain but numb nerves
warming/ burning
aching/tingling/stinging
numb in 12 to 20 min as true numb
therapy and applications
1, ice massage = 10 to 20 min or until numb to fine touch
2, vapoospray = -9 to -20
it is held 12 to 18 inches away
3, ice immersion/ice bucket=12 to 15 min aka until numb
water should be swirled every 5 min to make it colder
4, ice whirpool/ ice bath =50 to 60 temp for extremities
= 65 to 80 for full body
= for 12 to 15 min
a method of combining exercise with cryotherapy and the most affective cryo rehabilitation
cryokinetics which involve
active
progressive and pain free exercises
can begin 1 to 24 hrs after injury
do not do if threat of edema present
a combination of cryotherapy and intermittent compression which help move out edema
game- ready
apply 20 to 30 min
2 to 3 * a day
cover wounds and infections
