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electrophysical agent 1 > hot and cold therapy > Flashcards

hot and cold therapy Flashcards

1
Q

wht is the coldest theoretical temperature

A

absolute zero temp at zero-point energy with minimum thermal temperature

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2
Q

forms of enegy

A

mechanical
electrical
light
thermal
sound

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3
Q

types of energy

A

potential
kinetics

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4
Q

Energy that changes the phase and temperature of any matter which is caused by friction in which heat is produced by motion of the particles

A

thermal \heat energy

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5
Q

wht are the measurement of heat energy

A

calories and joules

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6
Q

a heat energy needed to increase the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celcius

A

calories

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7
Q

wht are the forms of heat transfer

A

1/ convection by mvmnt of currents eg boiling [whirlpool and bloood circulation]
2] conversion its a non thermal energy eg ultrasound, microwave and shortwave diathermy
3] conduction by touching eg hot, cold and paraffin
4] evaporation eg sweating and alcohol
5] radiation its a transfer by electomagnetic energy eg laser, ultraviolate, shortwave and microwave diathermy

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8
Q

wht are the factors affecting energy transfer

A

diameter, type and thickness of tissue
distance
time
intensity and size of radiation
temp difference
thermal conductivity
total contact area

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9
Q

types of heaters

A

1.superficial = affect cutaneous blood vessel
heat superficcial joints of hands and muscles and tendons to increase its excitability
2. deep heater = 3 to 5 cm without burn

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10
Q

mecahnism of actions

A

1.on Pain
a] heat mediate heat sensitive channel ie calcium channels
b] the channels increases intaracellular calcium
c] sensory nerve stimulation increses
d] once receptors are activated they inhibit the activities of purine i.e pain receprots

  1. circulation
    mainly on superficial circulation a] noradrenergic = vasoconstrictor
    b] cholinergic = vasodilators

3.muscle spasm
a] heat stimulat5e production of bradykinin by thermo receptors on skin
b] decrease firing rate of gamma efferent causing realxation
c] decrease firing rate of alpha motor neurons causing muscle relaxation and decrease muscle tone

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11
Q

wht are the types of sensory receptos

A

warm
cold
pain

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12
Q

what are the physiological effects of heat

A

increases
local blood flow
lymphatic drainage
capillary permiability
metabolic rate
cellular oxidation
flexibility of collagen tissues

respiratory rate
cardiac output
pulse rate

Decreases
joint stiffness
pain and muscle spasm
torque

blood supply to internal organs
blood pressure
stroke volume

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13
Q

healing

A

a] inflammatory phase
use cryotherapy not heat therapy
b] proliferation phase
new tissue and scar are formed
heat can be applied
c] remodeling phase
returning to health
heat can be used

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14
Q

muscle strength and endurance

A

decrease in initial 30 min
increases in 2 hrs

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15
Q

uses of thermotherapy

A

subacute or chronic= inflammatory phase, muscle spasm and pain
limitation in ROM n joint contracture
hematoma resolution
tissue healing
before passive and mobilization exercise

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16
Q

contraindications of thermotherapy

A

acute phase
recent or potential hemorrhage
impaired circulation
poor thermal regulation
over or around infected area or neoplasm

17
Q

precautions to thermotherapy

A

too old or too young
mental retards
cardiac insufficient
metal implants
over tropical anesthesia
dermatological anomalies

18
Q

what are the properties of hot pack

A

made of hydrophilic silicate or sand
temp of 70 to 75 degrees
take upto 30 min

19
Q

what are the toweling methods and protocols of hot pack

A

toweling
5 to 8 layers
it protects the skin from potential buns

protocols
check every 5min
reduce layer every 4 to 5 min
total time 15 t0 20 min

20
Q

what are the properties of paraffin

A

made of mixture of paraffin wax and mineral oil
temp of 45 to 54 degrees

21
Q

cannot be applied to open wound and infections

A

paraffin

22
Q

whata arre the advatages and diadvatages of paraffin bath

A

adv
comfort lower extremities and joints
make skin smooth and soothed

dis
less heat than hot pack
higher maintenance
limited application area

23
Q

application of paraffin

A

parts should be washed and dried
all jewelry should be removed or covered by surgical tape
wrist should be relaxed
hand fingers apart
do not move the hand
hand is covered in plastic bad while waiting to harden

24
Q

what are the techniques for paraffin bath

A

1, immersion = 15 to 20 min
2, glove technique= dip and remove allow wax to harden
= dip 6 to 12 times
= glove stay for 20 to 25 min

25
Q

what are other superficial heating devices can be used

A

1, heating pads
2, portable heating pads [ use long lasting low heat on skin, for 6 to 8 hrs. in 40 degrees]
3, tropical analgesic [ icy hot] = doesn’t affect intramuscular temp

26
Q

the energy required to change of state

A

latent heat

27
Q

what are the physiological effects of cryotherapy

A

1, lower metabolism and temperature on the injured area
2.decreases = collagen extensibility
3 =muscle spasm and pain
4 = blood flow aka edema reduction
5 = bleeding and acute inflammation [vasoconstriction]
6, can elevate pain threshold, facilitates ease exercise

28
Q

what are factors influencing the response to cold therapy

A

temp difference
time of exposure
thermal conductivity
type and size of cooling agent
total area
ability of cooling agent to maintain its temp
activity level= increase activity= increase circulation=faster rewarming

29
Q

where is cold therapy applicable

A

in everything
acute inflammation
spasticity
1st degree burn = acute phase is 3months in pt
acute or chronic pain
post-surgical pain or edema

30
Q

when to avoid cryotherapy

A

open wound aka frostbite
circulation insufficient
advanced diabetics
anesthetic skin
peripheral nerve injury
cardiac or respiratory involvement= hypertension because of vasoconstriction
cold allergy= Reynaud’s phenomenon

31
Q

a pack containing water mixed with antifreeze which is prone to cause frostbite

A

gel pack

32
Q

a most effective type of cold modalities which can get colder by wetting or adding salt

A

ice pack

33
Q

least cooling but can have danger of chemical burns

A

crushable chemical packs

34
Q

how many stages of cold

A

5 stages
cold = oh its cold
pain= not actual pain but numb nerves
warming/ burning
aching/tingling/stinging
numb in 12 to 20 min as true numb

35
Q

therapy and applications

A

1, ice massage = 10 to 20 min or until numb to fine touch
2, vapoospray = -9 to -20
it is held 12 to 18 inches away
3, ice immersion/ice bucket=12 to 15 min aka until numb
water should be swirled every 5 min to make it colder
4, ice whirpool/ ice bath =50 to 60 temp for extremities
= 65 to 80 for full body
= for 12 to 15 min

36
Q

a method of combining exercise with cryotherapy and the most affective cryo rehabilitation

A

cryokinetics which involve
active
progressive and pain free exercises
can begin 1 to 24 hrs after injury
do not do if threat of edema present

37
Q

a combination of cryotherapy and intermittent compression which help move out edema

A

game- ready
apply 20 to 30 min
2 to 3 * a day
cover wounds and infections

electrophysical agent 1 (8 decks)

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