hot and cold therapy

Question 1

wht is the coldest theoretical temperature

Answer 1

absolute zero temp at zero-point energy with minimum thermal temperature

Question 2

forms of enegy

Answer 2

mechanical
electrical
light
thermal
sound

Question 3

types of energy

Answer 3

potential
kinetics

Question 4

Energy that changes the phase and temperature of any matter which is caused by friction in which heat is produced by motion of the particles

Answer 4

thermal \heat energy

Question 5

wht are the measurement of heat energy

Answer 5

calories and joules

Question 6

a heat energy needed to increase the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celcius

Answer 6

calories

Question 7

wht are the forms of heat transfer

Answer 7

1/ convection by mvmnt of currents eg boiling [whirlpool and bloood circulation]
2] conversion its a non thermal energy eg ultrasound, microwave and shortwave diathermy
3] conduction by touching eg hot, cold and paraffin
4] evaporation eg sweating and alcohol
5] radiation its a transfer by electomagnetic energy eg laser, ultraviolate, shortwave and microwave diathermy

Question 8

wht are the factors affecting energy transfer

Answer 8

diameter, type and thickness of tissue
distance
time
intensity and size of radiation
temp difference
thermal conductivity
total contact area

Question 9

types of heaters

Answer 9

1.superficial = affect cutaneous blood vessel
heat superficcial joints of hands and muscles and tendons to increase its excitability
2. deep heater = 3 to 5 cm without burn

Question 10

mecahnism of actions

Answer 10

1.on Pain
a] heat mediate heat sensitive channel ie calcium channels
b] the channels increases intaracellular calcium
c] sensory nerve stimulation increses
d] once receptors are activated they inhibit the activities of purine i.e pain receprots

2. circulation
   mainly on superficial circulation a] noradrenergic = vasoconstrictor
   b] cholinergic = vasodilators

3.muscle spasm
a] heat stimulat5e production of bradykinin by thermo receptors on skin
b] decrease firing rate of gamma efferent causing realxation
c] decrease firing rate of alpha motor neurons causing muscle relaxation and decrease muscle tone

Question 11

wht are the types of sensory receptos

Answer 11

warm
cold
pain

Question 12

what are the physiological effects of heat

Answer 12

increases
local blood flow
lymphatic drainage
capillary permiability
metabolic rate
cellular oxidation
flexibility of collagen tissues

respiratory rate
cardiac output
pulse rate

Decreases
joint stiffness
pain and muscle spasm
torque

blood supply to internal organs
blood pressure
stroke volume

Question 13

healing

Answer 13

a] inflammatory phase
use cryotherapy not heat therapy
b] proliferation phase
new tissue and scar are formed
heat can be applied
c] remodeling phase
returning to health
heat can be used

Question 14

muscle strength and endurance

Answer 14

decrease in initial 30 min
increases in 2 hrs

Question 15

uses of thermotherapy

Answer 15

subacute or chronic= inflammatory phase, muscle spasm and pain
limitation in ROM n joint contracture
hematoma resolution
tissue healing
before passive and mobilization exercise

Question 16

contraindications of thermotherapy

Answer 16

acute phase
recent or potential hemorrhage
impaired circulation
poor thermal regulation
over or around infected area or neoplasm

Question 17

precautions to thermotherapy

Answer 17

too old or too young
mental retards
cardiac insufficient
metal implants
over tropical anesthesia
dermatological anomalies

Question 18

what are the properties of hot pack

Answer 18

made of hydrophilic silicate or sand
temp of 70 to 75 degrees
take upto 30 min

Question 19

what are the toweling methods and protocols of hot pack

Answer 19

toweling
5 to 8 layers
it protects the skin from potential buns

protocols
check every 5min
reduce layer every 4 to 5 min
total time 15 t0 20 min

Question 20

what are the properties of paraffin

Answer 20

made of mixture of paraffin wax and mineral oil
temp of 45 to 54 degrees

Question 21

cannot be applied to open wound and infections

Answer 21

paraffin

Question 22

whata arre the advatages and diadvatages of paraffin bath

Answer 22

adv
comfort lower extremities and joints
make skin smooth and soothed

dis
less heat than hot pack
higher maintenance
limited application area

Question 23

application of paraffin

Answer 23

parts should be washed and dried
all jewelry should be removed or covered by surgical tape
wrist should be relaxed
hand fingers apart
do not move the hand
hand is covered in plastic bad while waiting to harden

Question 24

what are the techniques for paraffin bath

Answer 24

1, immersion = 15 to 20 min
2, glove technique= dip and remove allow wax to harden
= dip 6 to 12 times
= glove stay for 20 to 25 min

Question 25

what are other superficial heating devices can be used

Answer 25

1, heating pads 2, portable heating pads [ use long lasting low heat on skin, for 6 to 8 hrs. in 40 degrees] 3, tropical analgesic [ icy hot] = doesn't affect intramuscular temp

Question 26

the energy required to change of state

Answer 26

latent heat

Question 27

what are the physiological effects of cryotherapy

Answer 27

1, lower metabolism and temperature on the injured area 2.decreases = collagen extensibility 3 =muscle spasm and pain 4 = blood flow aka edema reduction 5 = bleeding and acute inflammation [vasoconstriction] 6, can elevate pain threshold, facilitates ease exercise

Question 28

what are factors influencing the response to cold therapy

Answer 28

temp difference time of exposure thermal conductivity type and size of cooling agent total area ability of cooling agent to maintain its temp activity level= increase activity= increase circulation=faster rewarming

Question 29

where is cold therapy applicable

Answer 29

in everything acute inflammation spasticity 1st degree burn = acute phase is 3months in pt acute or chronic pain post-surgical pain or edema

Question 30

when to avoid cryotherapy

Answer 30

open wound aka frostbite circulation insufficient advanced diabetics anesthetic skin peripheral nerve injury cardiac or respiratory involvement= hypertension because of vasoconstriction cold allergy= Reynaud's phenomenon

Question 31

a pack containing water mixed with antifreeze which is prone to cause frostbite

Answer 31

gel pack

Question 32

a most effective type of cold modalities which can get colder by wetting or adding salt

Answer 32

ice pack

Question 33

least cooling but can have danger of chemical burns

Answer 33

crushable chemical packs

Question 34

how many stages of cold

Answer 34

5 stages cold = oh its cold pain= not actual pain but numb nerves warming/ burning aching/tingling/stinging numb in 12 to 20 min as true numb

Question 35

therapy and applications

Answer 35

1, ice massage = 10 to 20 min or until numb to fine touch 2, vapoospray = -9 to -20 it is held 12 to 18 inches away 3, ice immersion/ice bucket=12 to 15 min aka until numb water should be swirled every 5 min to make it colder 4, ice whirpool/ ice bath =50 to 60 temp for extremities = 65 to 80 for full body = for 12 to 15 min

Question 36

a method of combining exercise with cryotherapy and the most affective cryo rehabilitation

Answer 36

cryokinetics which involve active progressive and pain free exercises can begin 1 to 24 hrs after injury do not do if threat of edema present

Question 37

a combination of cryotherapy and intermittent compression which help move out edema

Answer 37

game- ready apply 20 to 30 min 2 to 3 * a day cover wounds and infections