Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHA 332 > INTRODUCTION TO ENDOCRINE > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO ENDOCRINE Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system responsible for?

A

growth and development
sex differentiation
metabolism
adaptation to changing environment ( regulation of digestion, use and storage of nutrients, electrolyte and water metabolism, reproductive functions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how does the endocrine system work?

A

the endocrine system uses chemical substances called hormones ( amides, peptides, steroids’) to produce a physiological response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how do hormones work?

A

hormones function as chemical messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how do hormones function as chemical messengers?

A

they move through the blood to distant target sites of action
they can also act locally as paracrine or autocrine messengers for local effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where are hormones present?

A

most are present in body fluids at all times in greater or lesser amounts as needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the function of the endocrine gland?

A

releases endocrine hormones into circulating blood which influence function of a distanced targeted special cells e.g. thyroid hormone synthesized in thyroid gland and released into circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the function of the paracrine cell?

A

paracrine is secreted into extracellular fluid which affect nearby cells of a different type e.g. action of sex steroids on the ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the function of the autocrine cell?

A

endocrines are secreted by the cells into extracellular fluids and affect functions of the same cells that produced it. e.g. insulin from pancreatic beta cells can inhibit the release from the same cell. e.g. arometers are inhibitors which prevent estrogen generation in breast cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are neuroendocrine?

A

secreted by neurons into the circulating blood and inflame the functions of the target cells at other locations e.g. cytokines into extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what can peptides function as?

A

auto/para/endocrine hormones e.g. interleukins and other lymphokines that are secreted by helper cells and act on other cells of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are cytokine hormones also called?

A

endokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does a synaptic transmission work?

A

it is a biological process which the neurons communicate with a target cell across a synapse
this involves the release of neurotransmitters binding to post synaptic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is conducted during neurotransmission?

A

conduction from one nerve cell to another or from one nerve cell to muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does the endocrine system rely on?

A

relies on the signalizing molecules called hormones to accept responses from target cells which are synthesized in a specialized gland and travel through the blood stream or intracellular fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the difference between endocrine signaling and synaptic signaling?

A

endocrine- hormone mostly acts on cells distanced from synthesis
synaptic is conduction of neurotransmitters from one nerve cell to another or to a muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the characteristics of hormones?

A

a single hormone can exert various effects in different tissues
a single function can be regulated by several hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

give an example where a single hormone exerts it effects on different tissues

A

estradiol (oestradiol)- produced in ovart acts on:
1-ovaran follicle- promote maturation
2-uterus to stimulate growth and maintain the cyclic changes in uterine mucosa
3-mammary gland to stimulate ductal growth
4-hypothalmic-pituitary system to regulate the secretion of gonadotropins and prolactin’s
5-bone to maintain skeletal integrity
6-general metabolic process to affect adipose tissue distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

give an example of how a single function can be regulated by several hormones

A

lipolysis

catecholamines/ insulin/ glucagon/ cytokines/ tumor necrosis factor-a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the mechanism of action of hormones?

A

hormones interact with high-affinity receptors which are linked to one or more effector systems in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how do hormones with receptor located on the surface of the cell work?

A

these act through second-messenger mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do hormones with receptors located inside the cell work?

A

they modulate the synthesis of enzymes, transport proteins or structural proteins

22
Q

what are the 3 classes of the the hormones according to their structure?

A

amines
peptides and proteins
steroids

23
Q

give an example of amines and their associated glands

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline- synthesized in adrenal medulla and same effects as sympathetic stimulation
- T3 and t4- synthesized in thyroid gland- inc rate of chem reaction and inc rate of metabolism

24
Q

give examples of peptides and proteins and their associated glands

A

insulin- islets of Langerhans- promotes glucose entry in many cells- controls carbohydrates metabolism
- Growth hormones’- synth in ant pituitary – stim protein synth and growth of most cells and tissues

25
Q

give examples of steroids and their associated glands

A

all synthesized in adrenal cortex

  • Cortisol- control met of protein carbs and fats- also anti-inflammatory effects
  • Aldosterone- sodium reabsorption/ hydrogen ion ion sec
  • Small amount of testosterone synthesized in adrenal and gestersone -male sex characteristics
26
Q

what are the three actions hormones have when released into the blood stream?

A

1-circulate as free unbound molecules- usually peptide hormones and protein hormones
2-circulate as hormones attached to transport carriers- steroid and thyroid ( synth in liver)
3 intra/extracellular -termination of hormone function

27
Q

what affects response of a target cell to a hormone?

A

number of receptors present

affinity of receptors for hormones

28
Q

what is up regulation?

A

up regulation is an increase of the number of receptors on the target tissue making the cell more sensitive to target tissue/ increase uterine in 3rd trimester of pregnancy -promoting the contraction of muscles in the uterus

29
Q

what is down regulation?

A

down regulation is a decrease in the number of receptors in target cells e.g. less sensitive or insulin may be downregulated -diabetes

30
Q

what affects the affinity of receptors for their hormones?

A

ph of bodily fluids- affects the affinity of insulin receptors

31
Q

how do the cell surface receptors produce the hormone response?

A

they use a first messenger> g protein> effector protein> cAMP> second messenger> target cell response

32
Q

what happens in protein and polypeptide hormone receptors?(lipophilic)

A

usually unable to enter cell- bind to receptor complex
cellular response- transductor system mainly by cAMP- rapid response as the second messenger usually modulates existing proteins
the changes triggered by the peptide hormone-open and close membrane channnels so modulate metabolic enzymes for transport protein

33
Q

why do some transport proteins have a longer effect?

A

because they activated genes and direct synthesis of new proteins

34
Q

give examples of hormone receptors leading to interactions of second messengers?

A

glucagon/ insluin/ adrenaline/ parathyroid hormone/ TSH/ ACTH/ FSH/ LH/ ADH/ secretin

35
Q

what is the difference when there is a lipophilic steroid hormone?

A

diffuses into target cell, binds and activated intracellular receptor
this way the nucluse chromatin binds to the region in the DNA

36
Q

what is the exception to the way the steroid lipiophilic hormone binds to the DNA?

A

THR- always bind to DNA even in the absense of the thyroid hormone- this promotes the translocation of mba to produce mrna
this is translated into a specific protein molecule which promote the metabolic activities and sometimes synthesis of export

37
Q

how do steroid hormones get transported in the blood and how does it work on its intraceular receptors?

A

1- corticosteroid binding to prevent from enzyme degradation- longer half life
2- binding complex - goes to nucleus
3- hormone receptor complex binds to dna
4-produces mrna and moves back to cytoplasm
5-translation- new cell process
6- some steroid hormones bind to membrane- second messenger system

38
Q

what are examples of hormones that bind in intracellularly?

A 
oestrogen
testosterone
progesterone
adrenal cortical hormones
thyroid hormones
39
Q

how are hormone levels controlled?

A

affected by diurnal fluctuations that vary with the sleep wake cycle- GF and ACTH
secreted in complicated cyclic manner- female sex hormones
mech that monitor glucose/ water and ADH,. and hypothalmic-pituitary target cell

40
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

coordinating center of the brain for endocrine, behavioral and autonomic nervous system function.

41
Q

what hormones does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

anterior: GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine, THR, CHR, GnRH,

posterior- ADH, oxytocin

42
Q

how do you monitor the changing levels of hormone levels?

A

positive and negative feedback

level of the substance the hormone regulates

43
Q

what is positive feedback? give an example

A

breast feeding
1-child is hungry- cries and mothers hypothalmus stimulated
2- sends impulses to the posterior
3-posterior releases ocytocin
4- ocytocin stimulates milk ejection from breast
5- stim in nerve of breast
6- sucking -muscles of breast contract to produce milk

44
Q

give an example of negative feedback and how it works

A

stimulation for glucogen diminishes- diabetes

normal levels- 90mh/100ml

45
Q

when would your blood glucose levels decline?

A

after skipping meal

46
Q

what happens when your glucose levels rise?

A

after eating meal beta cells of the pancreases stimulate to release insulin into the blood and body cells take up more glucose

47
Q

what diseases would be classified by hormone excess?

A

primary / secondary gland production

48
Q

what endocrine disease would clasify as hormone deficiency?

A

primary gland failure

secondary to deficient tropic hormone

49
Q

what endocrine disesases are due to hormone hypersensitivity?

A

failure of activation of hormone

target organ resistance

50
Q

what are the 4 classes of endocrine disease classification?

A

hormone excess
hormone deficiency
hormone hypersensitivity
non-functioning tumours

51
Q

what tests would you carry out to investiagte hormone levels?

A 
blood,urine tests
stimulation and suppression tests
genetic tests
imaging
biopsy

PHA 332 (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions