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Module 3B musculoskeletal > introduction to Embryology > Flashcards

introduction to Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the meaning of Logia

A

Study

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2
Q

meaning of embryon

A

unbron or embryo

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3
Q

embrology

A

study of the unborn

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4
Q

other name of embryology

A

organogenesis

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5
Q

meaning of organo

A

organs

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6
Q

meaning of genan

A

acquire or formulate

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7
Q

meaning of osis

A

state or status or process

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8
Q

this is the period between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

A

interkinesis

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9
Q

other name of Interphase type II

A

Interkinesis

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10
Q

No growth, no DNA replication and no time to cast its
function, just pure rest after meiosis I and before meiosis
II.

A

Interkinesis

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11
Q

means thread

A

Mitos

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12
Q

means state or status or process

A

Osis

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13
Q

the process involving cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

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14
Q

separation of cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

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15
Q

Daughter cells receive equal
amounts of cytoplasmic
volume

A

MITOSIS

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16
Q

After meiosis I and meiosis
II, one will receive much of
the cytoplasm and the other
one will receive hardly any.

A

MEIOSIS

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17
Q

Complete separation but

unequal distribution

A

OOGENESIS

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18
Q

Equal distribution but

incomplete separation

A

SPERMATOGENESIS

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19
Q

each daughter cell will receive equal amounts of organelles

A

true

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20
Q

what are necessary for the transformation of a circle looking cell in to sperm with head neck and tail

A

organelles

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21
Q

means movement

A

kinesis

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22
Q

means walneut

A

karyon

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23
Q

Prophase
metaphase
anaphase
elophase are under this

A

Karyokinesis

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24
Q

Maturation of gametes before fertilization

for sperm and egg cell

A

MEIOSIS

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25
Q

means a state, status, a condition or a process

A

“Meioun”

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26
Q

Introductory process prior zygotic, pre - embryonic and

embryonic period

A

FERTILIZATION

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27
Q

Periods of human embryology

A 
Zygotic period 
Embryonic 
Fetal 
Neonatal 
Prenatal
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28
Q

this period of human embryo

- first month after birth

A

Neonatal period

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29
Q

this period of human embryo

- 9th week until 9th month in the stomach

A

Fetal period

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30
Q

this period of human embryo

- first day or first 24hrs after fertilization

A

Zygotic period

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31
Q

this period of human embryo

  • first eight weeks of life after fertilization
  • 3-8 weeks
  • mitosis and meosis
A

embryonic period

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32
Q

organogenesis

A

organs start to form

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33
Q

2 types of cell division

A

meosis

mitosis

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34
Q

this period of human embryo

- 22nd week to 7 days after birth

A

Prenatal period

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35
Q

This gene forms the Heart

A

Homeobox protein NKX 2.5

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36
Q

this gene forms the kidney

A

WT1/Wilms tumor 1

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37
Q

this gene forms the ventral midline structure

A

sonic hedgehog

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38
Q

this gene regulates mitosis

A 
CDK1/CDC2,
pre-MPF
(Pre-maturation
promoting factor
gene)
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39
Q

Phases of Cell cycle

A

Interphase

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40
Q

interphase is divided into 3 phases

A

G1
S
G2

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41
Q

this interphase phase

- gap between telophase and S phase

A

G1

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42
Q

this interphase phase

- gap between S phase and Prophase

A

G2

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43
Q

does karyokinessis and cytokinesis thru 4 phases

A

mitosis

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44
Q

how many hpurs does the cell spending interphase

A

24hrs

90-96% time accounted for

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45
Q

Gap 0

A

the cell has no intention to develop

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46
Q

this is an interphase phase where

- where cell grows and fuctions properly

A

Gap 1

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47
Q

involved in locomotion and movement

A

Myocyte

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48
Q

liver cell

A

hepatocyte

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49
Q

this changes the morphology of chromosomes from tightly coiled to straight
for dna dupli

A

Lysine rich Histones LH

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50
Q

what type of replication occurs in the S phase

A

Semi consevative type repli

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51
Q

genetic mutataion can occur in s phase

what kind of repli should happen

A

Semi conservatice repli

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52
Q

Makes dna strands linear

A

Histones

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53
Q

makes dna strands coiled

crumpled and condensed

A

Protamine

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54
Q

this is an interphase phase where

  • high amounts of protein
  • cells doubles in size
  • more organelles are produced
  • cytoplasm increases
A

Gap 2

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55
Q

equational division

A

Mitosis

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56
Q

mother cell gives rise to 2 new cells

each receive an equal amount of chromosomal Complement

A

Mitosis

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57
Q

daughter cells receive half of the chromosomal complement

- reductional division

A

meiosis

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58
Q

thin original copies and replicates of dna

  • the cell thickens
  • chromosomes begin to coil and contract
A

Prophase

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59
Q

why is condensation imprtant in prophase

A

avoids extra transcription
translation
replication

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60
Q

the 2 pairs of centromeres

A

inner pair

outer pair

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61
Q

this pair of centromere

  • for mitotic spindles
  • replicated copy meets original copy
A

outer pair

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62
Q

pair of centromere

- links two chromatids

A

inner pair

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63
Q

true or false

the chromatids are linked to their HETEROZYGOUS pairs to link iup to form chromosomes

A

False

homozygous

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64
Q

this is a phase after prophase but before meta phase

  • x like structure
  • nuclear membrane starts to disappear
  • mitotic spindle
  • moves outward/ polar opposite
A

Prometaphase

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65
Q

this phase

  • chromosomes arranged equatorial plane
  • kinetochore will be attached to distal ends of matrix spindle
A

Metaphase

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66
Q

imagine line also called equatorial plane

A

metaphase plate

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67
Q

3 phase of anaphase

A

early
mid
late

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68
Q

This anaphase

  • mitotic spindles shorten
  • chromatids are detached from their sister chromatid due to pulling effect
A

early anaphase

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69
Q

this anaphase

- chromatids are fully seprated and start to move away

A

mid anaphase

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70
Q

this anaphase

  • chromatids have fully migrated to the spindle bundles
  • tids have arrived to the centrioles
A

late anaphase

71
Q

this phase where

  • prior to S phase
  • tids uncoil
  • simultaneous is cytokinesis
  • eough cytoplasm is received
A

telophase

72
Q

this cell division generates the gametes or germ cells

  • has to sets of cells division
  • 4 daughter cells
A

Meiosis

73
Q

true or false

after days meiosis will produce 4 new daughter cells having half the genetic info

A

true

74
Q

how many daughter cells does mitosis have

A

2

75
Q

memorize page 4

A

page 4

76
Q

prolonged prophase I

  • with chiasma formation
  • detachment leading to pulling of double structure
A

Prophase I

77
Q

phases of prophase I

A 
Leptotene 
Zygotene 
Pachytene 
Diplotene
Diakinesis
78
Q

Phase of Prophase I

  • leptos mean thin
  • pairing starts to begin between homozygous parts
  • this is the compared to Gap 2 stage
  • help of centromere
A

Leptotene

79
Q

Phase of Prophase I

  • zygos means pairs
  • pairing process via synapsis
  • with the help of central synaptonemal complex
A

Zygotene

80
Q

Phase of Prophase I

  • paired homologous chromosomes become short and thick
  • coiling condensation and contraction
  • thickest configuration
  • chiasma forms
  • crossing over
  • Pachus means thick
A

Pachytene

81
Q

Phase of Prophase I

  • paird hybrid chromosome will start to appear and form
  • egg cell in form of oocyte and first arrest state
A

Diplotene

82
Q

Phase of Prophase I

  • moving along
  • mitosis prometaphse stage
  • prepares for dividing
  • mitotic spindle and nuclear membrane start to disappear
  • MeIG gene 1 activates
  • MPF gene
A

Diakinesis

83
Q

this phase in Meiosis

  • paird chromosomes are placed in the central stage by the mitotic spindle
  • central stage is called metaphase plate
  • all 23 pairs in the central stage
A

Metaphase I

84
Q

this phase in Meiosis

  • both meiosis and mitosis have early, mid, late stages
  • homologous hybrid chromosomes are separated
  • homozygous seperation in mitotic
A

Anaphase I

85
Q

this phase in Meiosis

  • goes straight to the egg or sperm cell
  • simultaneous is cytokinesis
A

Telophase I

86
Q

has unequal distributon of cytoplasmic volum
but complete seperatioon
- one daughter cell receives, all others hardly

A

Egg cell cytokinesis

87
Q

either meiosis I or meiosis II, there is equal
distribution of cytoplasmic volume but incomplete
separation.

A

sperm cell cytokinesis

88
Q

this bridges ensure equal distribution of organelles in daughter cells

A

cytoplasmic bridges metaphase I

89
Q

The circle looking cell turns into a cell with head, neck
and tail. The complete set of organelles participates in this
transformation.

A

Spermiogenesis

90
Q

Parts of the Sperm Cell

- Acrosomal cap

A

golgi appa

complexes

91
Q

Parts of the Sperm Cell

- head

A

nucleus

92
Q

Parts of the Sperm Cell

- spirals in the middle

A

mitochondria

93
Q

Parts of the Sperm Cell

- flagellum

A

centrioles
microtubules
meoitic spindles

94
Q

a result of alterations and problems during the

cytokinetic process of either Oogenesis or spermatogenesis

A

MORPHOLOGICAL DEFECTS

95
Q

unequal
distribution of
organelles

A

diagnosed as

Teratozoospermia

96
Q

permit multiple
fertilization
processes.

A

multiple gestation like twin

or triplet gestation.

97
Q

after meiosis I occurs

this follows

A

Interphase II or interkinesis

98
Q

what is difference of prophase I and II

A

prophase II is not prolonged

no leptotene et al.

99
Q

● Process of generating a mature female cell

- at the 7th week

A

OOGENESIS

100
Q

meaning of OO

A

Egg
ovum
female seed

101
Q

meaning of genan

A

create

formulate

102
Q

meaning of osis

A

process

103
Q

Two sets of process of oogenesis

A
  • OOCYTOGENESIS

- OOTIDOGENESIS

104
Q

this is the process of generating primary oocytes

A

Oocytogenesis

105
Q

process of generating ootids (most mature type of oocyte)

- has 2 indirect processes

A

Ootidogenesis

106
Q

two indirect process of ootidogenesis

A
  • fertilization

- ovulation (puberty 1st stage)

107
Q

primary oocytes originate from

A

ooginium

108
Q

Genocytes

A

primordial germ cells

109
Q

Types of Genocytes

A

44 + XY → spermatogonium

44 + XX → oogonium

110
Q

when does genocytes start to appear

A

3rd week of AOG in yolk sac

111
Q

main source of the embryo’s nutrition,

A

yolk sac

112
Q
  • first respiratory unit of the embryo
  • Conduit to transport all of the embryo’s waste from the
    embryo’s body to the placenta
A

Allantois

113
Q

memorize mnemoic page 8

A

page 8

114
Q

when is the earliest a cycle of oogenesis is completed

A

7th week of AOG

115
Q

7 million oocytes will be formed by 5th month

A

5th month of AOG

116
Q

master gene for caspase synthesis

A

Casp3

117
Q

– enzyme that promotes apoptosis

A

Caspase

118
Q
  1. cells start surrounding linear epithelial arrangement
  2. makes connecting bridges
  3. follicular cells will start to produce cAMp and purines
A

First Cell Arrest

119
Q 
sulfated glycoproteins of the follicular
cells and primary oocyte
- Protection
- Glycoproteins act as sperm receptors that induce
acrosomal reaction
A

Zona pellucida

120
Q

Surrounding cells

A

Follicular cells

121
Q

Primary Oocyte + Follicular Cells

A

→ Primordial Follicle

122
Q

All surviving primary oocytes undergo prolonged Meiosis I
(Diplonema/ Diplotene stage).

  • a
A

until

123
Q

until what age does the first stage is active

A

Puberty to prolong the eggs till age 44

124
Q

Removes the cells from the 1st arrest stage

  • influence hormones
  • ovulating
A

Ovulation

125
Q

15-20 primary oocytes will lift from their arrest stage

  • forming 2nd oocytes
  • cytokinesis I
A

12hrs prior to ovulation

126
Q
  • receives most of the cytoplasm
    o Will undergo division, producing one oocyte and
    one polar body
A
  • Secondary oocyte
127
Q

receives practically no cytoplasm
o Will undergo division, producing more polar bodies
that will eventually degenerate
o Reason why there is a decrease in the number of
egg cells during development

A

first polar body

128
Q

second stage of

arrest

A

interkinesis

129
Q

Secondary oocytes will undergo their second stage of

arrest (called

A

3 HOURS PRIOR TO OVULATION

130
Q

-An egg cell is released from the ovary and into the
fallopian tube.
- eggs will wait 24-48 hrs to be fertilized
- no fertilization = arrest state
- fertilized = metaphase of meiosis

A

OVULATION

131
Q

Removes the cells from the 2nd arrest stage

- indirect process that will finish off oogenesis

A

fertilization

132
Q
  • this is 28 days
  • ovulation on 14th day
  • LH peaks 14th day
  • estrogen decreases
  • progesterone increases
A

Menstrual Cycle

133
Q

Phases of Mens

A
  • Proliferative phase
  • Secretory phase
  • Menstrual phase
134
Q

this menstrual phase

  • occus when no fertilization happens
  • shedding of endometrium
  • blood escapes
A

Menstrual phase

135
Q

this menstrual phase

  • thickening of endometrium
  • begins at end of mens phase
  • influence of estrogen
A

Proliferative phase

136
Q

this menstrual phase

  • 2 or 3 days ofter ovulation
  • progesterone
  • maximum thicness endometrium
A

Secretory phase

137
Q

Process of generating mature male seeds

A

SPERMATOGENESIS

138
Q

Spermatos

A

Male seed

139
Q

genan

A

generate

140
Q

osis

A

process

141
Q

originate from the epiblast and are formed in the epiblast
during the second week of gestation.

  • 3rd week of AOG
A

Primordial germ cell

142
Q

HNF3-b

A

(Hepatocyte Nuclear Transcription Factor)

143
Q

master gene in differentiation of epiblast in 3 layers:

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm (these

A

HNF3-b

144
Q

● Mitotic division (PMAT) and replication of spermatogonia

diploid 2n

A

SPERMATOCYTOGENESIS

145
Q

“Nurse cells”, provide structural,
nutritional, and chemical support to dormant PGC until
puberty is reached at age 10

A

Sertoli Cells

146
Q

three types of spermatogonia

A

Type A Dark
Type A Pale
Type B Dark

147
Q

Type of spermato gonia
- last mitosis
- last cycle of mitosis
-

A

type b dark

148
Q

Type of spermato gonia

  • inactive mitosis
  • will give type Ad spermatogonia
A

Type A Dark

149
Q

Type of spermato gonia

  • active mitosis
  • active in dividing
  • cells turn into type B
A

Type A Pale

150
Q

Ad spermatogonia

A

turns into Type A pale

- activated by Meig 1

151
Q 
PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES (parent cell) →
SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTE → SPERMATIDS
A

SPERMATIDOGENESIS

152
Q

SPERMATIDOGENESIS

-the primary spermatocyte enters the 1st & last arrest
state during the prolonged Prophase I stage, the dictyate
stage (stays in arrest for 22 days)

A

Meiosis I

153
Q

Equal distribution of cytoplasmic volume, but incomplete

division/separation

A

Cytokinesis

154
Q

1-10 micrometer in diameter, essential for maturing
sperm cell
- point of trnasfer passage for spem

A

Cytoplasmic bridge

155
Q

Series of changes resulting in the transformation of

SPERMATIDS into SPERMATOZOA

A

SPERMIOGENESIS

156
Q

3 types of barriers in spermiogenesis

A

a. Granulosa cells/Corona radiata
b. Zona pellucida (egg shell of egg cell)
c. Plasma membrane of secondary oocyte arrested in
metaphase of Meiosis 2

157
Q

where is the flagellum derived from

A

Condensed centriole

158
Q

master gene for spematogensis

A

PAx 5

159
Q

master gene for spermiogenesis

A

Meig-1

160
Q

“Letting go” process

A

SPERMIATION

161
Q

Hastens the motility of the maturing sperm cells
- Leads spermatozoa to be transported from the
seminiferous tubules, rete testis and to the head of the
epididymis

A

Seminiferous tubular fluid

162
Q

Marks the start of stage 1 (of direct processes)

● begins at age 10 after birth,

A

Puberty

163
Q

deposit of sperm cells from the male external genitalia to

female external genitalia

A

SPERM TRANSPORT

164
Q
  • sperm into female genitilia

- from vas deferens to ejac duck to penile shaft until it is deposited in the vagina

A

Ejaculation

165
Q

how many secs from vaginal vault to inner

A

15 secs

166
Q

how many days does the sperm travel in the cervic

A

3 days

167
Q

how many hours in the uterus

A

7 hrs

168
Q
  • happens in the fallopian tube
  • ## period of conditioning of the spermatozoa
A

CAPACIATION

169
Q

to expose the essential enzymes needed for acrosomal cap penetration

A

the denudation of

proteins

170
Q

colony of cells dragged by secondary

oocyte during ovulation

A

Corona radiata

171
Q

sulfated egg shell of the egg cell

A

Zona pellucida

172
Q
  • considered
    same-species specific membrane (where one of the 13
    enzyme can offer help)
A

Plasma membrane of secondary oocyte

173
Q

pronucleus of spermatozoa meets the pronucleus

of the rested secondary oocyte after penetrating the barrier

A

Fertilization

Module 3B musculoskeletal (4 decks)

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