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Y3 MOD Dermatology > Introduction to dermatology 2 > Flashcards

Introduction to dermatology 2 Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 key facts you should known at the end of the dermatology consult?

A
  • Age of onset
  • The presence or absence of primary pruritus
  • The distribution and type of the lesions
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2
Q

What are the 5 major dermatological presenting signs?

A
  1. Pruritus
  2. Alopecia
  3. Crusting
  4. Scale
  5. Nodules
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3
Q

Give some examples of parasites that cause pruritic disease in cats

A 
Cheyletiella blakei
Felicola subrostratus 
Sarcoptes scabei
Fleas
Notoedres cati 
Demodex gatoi
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4
Q

What are the 2 most common infections in cats that cause puritis?

A
  • Superficial bacterial pyoderma

- Malassezia dermatitis

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5
Q

How would you diagnose surface ectoparasites?

A
  • Consider where they are found on the skin
  • Coat brushings
  • Flea comb wet paper test
  • Sellotape impression
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6
Q

How would you diagnose shallow and surface mites living in the epidermis?

A

Superficial skin scrapes

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7
Q

Give some examples of surface parasites

A

Fleas, lice, ticks, harvest mites, Cheyletiella and Demodex gatoi

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8
Q

Give some examples of shallow and surface mites living in the epidermis

A

Cheyletiella
Demodex gatoi
Sarcoptes scabei
Notoedres cati

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9
Q

How would you diagnose mites living deep in the skin?

A
  • Deep skin scrapes
  • Hair plucks
  • Biopsy
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10
Q

Describe the clinical features of Demodex gatoi in cats

A
  • Contagious
  • Pruritic
  • Head, neck and truncal barbered alopecia ± excoriation
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11
Q

How can Demodex gatoi be diagnosed?

A
  • Skin scrapes – very poor sensitivity
  • Tape cytology often more useful
  • Faecal floatation has been used successfully
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12
Q

How can Demodex gatoi be treated?

A

Selamectin

Fluralaner

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13
Q

Acetate tape samples are suitable for which parasites?

A

Cheyletiella spp and Demodex gatoi

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14
Q

Describe the features of a Notoedres cati infection

A
  • Rare in the UK
  • Zoonotic
  • The disease affects the head and ears and as the disease becomes more chronic the rest of the body
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15
Q

Which part of the body is not affected by Notoedres cati, even in chronic cases?

A

Plantar/palmar feet are not affected

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16
Q

How is Notoedres cati differentiated from Sarcoptes scabei?

A

Smaller size

Dorsal not terminal anus

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17
Q

How is Notoedres cati diagnosed?

A

Skin scrape

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18
Q

Describe the steps in carrying out a superficial skin scrape

A
  • Clip the hair
  • Place liquid paraffin on the target area
  • Scrape with a blunted blade
  • Transfer to a slide prepared with a small amount of liquid paraffin on it
  • Place a cover slip
  • Observe at low power
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19
Q

What are some of the common causes of alopecia in cats?

A
  • Demodex cati
  • Superficial bacterial pyoderma
  • Dermatophytosis
  • Allergies
  • Neoplasia
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20
Q

Dermatophytosis is also known as?

A

Ringworm

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21
Q

Where are localised lesions due to Demodex cati seen?

A
  • Eyelids
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Ear
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22
Q

What are the major causes of Demodex cati?

A

Immunosuppression

  • FIV/FeLV
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
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23
Q

What are the main signs of Demodex cati?

A
  • Comedones
  • Alopecia
  • Erythema
  • Crust and scale
  • Pruritis
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24
Q

How can Demodex cati be treated?

A

Isoxazolines - Flurolaner, Selamectin

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25
Q

How is Demodex cati diagnosed?

A

Deep skin scrapes

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26
Q

Describe the steps taken when carrying out a deep skin scrape

A
  • Same as superficial skin scraping but there should be a capillary ooze
  • The skin should be squeezed and rolled between the fingers to maximize the yield of follicular material.
  • These scrapes often hurt – ensure suitable analgesic and chemical restraint
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27
Q

In which cases can a direct impression smear cytology sample be carried out?

A
  • Rupture pus filled lesion or lift crust

- Pustule / papule / bulla / epidermal collarette

28
Q

Which cells are common to see in cats during all kinds of inflammation?

A

Eosinophils

29
Q

If macrophages or RBCs are seen when analysing cytology, what does this mean?

A

That the dermis is involved i.e. a deep pyoderma

30
Q

Describe the features of paraneoplastic alopecia in cats

A
  • Rare, unknown pathophysiology
  • Usually older cats >10yo
  • Underlying tumour of the pancreas, bile duct
31
Q

What are the clinical signs of paraneoplastic alopecia in cats?

A
  • Alopecia and thin, shiny skin +/- Malassezia

- Ventral body, neck, chin, body, inner legs, feet, nasal planum and footpads

32
Q

How is paraneoplastic alopecia in cats diagnosed?

A

Skin biopsy

33
Q

Describe how a skin biopsy is carried out

A
  • place the punch firmly onto the skin and twist 180 degrees
  • lift the biopsy from the dermis delicately to avoid damage
  • place the biopsy dermis down to stop it from curling
34
Q

What are the common causes of scale and grease in cats?

A
  • Cheyletiella blakei
  • Felicola subrostratus
  • Notoedres cati
  • Neoplasia
  • Keratinisation disorders
  • Infections
35
Q

Give 2 examples of keratinisation disorders

A
  • Chin acne

- Idiopathic facial dermatitis

36
Q

Which neoplastic disease causes scale and grease?

A

Thymoma-induced exfoliative dermatitis

37
Q

What are the signs of thymoma-induced exfoliative dermatitis

A
  • Middle to older age
  • Diffuse, non-pruritic erythema and exfoliation (large 1+ cm flakes if skin)
    +/- alopecia
  • Concurrent signs from respiratory compromise
38
Q

How is thymoma-induced exfoliative dermatitis diagnosed?

A

Biopsy

Chest radiograph

39
Q

How is thymoma-induced exfoliative dermatitis treated?

A
  • Immunomodulatory drugs (e.g. prednisolone & ciclosporin) have been used with some success
  • Surgery is reported to be curative, but some have reported needing immunosuppression after thymoma removal
40
Q

Idiopathic facial dermatitis affects which cat breed?

A

Persians

41
Q

Describe the signs of Idiopathic facial dermatitis

A

Tightly adherent, greasy black scales, lead to ulceration and soreness which is very pruritic

42
Q

What is seen on cytology of Idiopathic facial dermatitis?

A
  • Cytology shows yeast and secondary infection over the area

- Malassezia dermatitis

43
Q

How is Idiopathic facial dermatitis treated?

A
  • Anti-yeast therapy
  • Keratolytic shampoos
  • Ciclosporin ± prednisolone
44
Q

Describe the features and signs of feline acne

A
  • Common keratinization disorder of cats
  • May be asymptomatic
  • Dark, waxy scales and comedones
  • Largely clinical diagnosis
  • Secondary Malassezia, superficial and deep pyoderma (leading to pruritus ± pain)
45
Q

How can feline acne be treated?

A
  • topical antiseptics +/- antimicrobials
  • anti-keratinolytics
  • Routine hygiene may be useful in prevention
46
Q

Which 3 species of cat are predisposed to Malassezia dermatitis?

A
  • Devon rex
  • Sphinx
  • Persian
47
Q

Malassezia dermatitis is a secondary disease in which conditions?

A
  • Thymoma-induced exfoliative dermatitis
  • Paraneoplastic alopecia
  • FIV or FeLV
  • Feline allergy
48
Q

What is the test of choice for Malassezia?

A

Tape cytology

49
Q

Describe how tape cytology is carried out

A
  • Press tape onto the skin
  • Apply firmly and peel away
  • Good for places with little exudate or a wriggly patient
  • Label slide
  • Stain and dry
  • Examine within 60 minutes
50
Q

What are some of the causes of crusts in cats?

A
  • Superficial bacterial pyoderma
  • Allergy
  • Herpes virus
  • Calicivirus
  • Pox virus
  • Immune mediated disease
51
Q

When does cow pox infection occur in cats, and which cats are affected most commonly?

A
  • Hunting cats, rural, males
  • End of summer/autumn
  • Zoonotic
52
Q

Describe how the cowpox virus infects cats and its timeline of infection

A
  • Virus is inoculated by a bite or scratch from the prey - replicates locally in the epidermis , forms a crusted ulcerated area with central ulceration and a distinctive crater-edge in some
  • Viral replication results in secondary papular crusting eruption after 7-14 days
  • Spontaneous recovery occurs in around 4-5 weeks in most
53
Q

Generalised cowpox infections may be fatal in…?

A

Young kittens and in cats treated with corticosteroids

54
Q

Cowpox infections are diagnosed by?

A

PCR and/or biopsy

55
Q

Cowpox infections are treated by?

A
  • Specific treatments not available
  • Steroids or immunosuppressants must not be used
  • Supportive therapy e.g. fluids, appetite stimulation, tube feeding
56
Q

What are the signs of a feline calicivirus infection?

A

Usually URTI - ulcers and vesicles on mucous membrane, lips and nose

57
Q

What are the signs of a feline herpes virus infection?

A
  • May not have active or historical URTI signs
  • Usually adults
    Facial lesions make a mask: eyelids, muzzle and nose +/- elsewhere on body
58
Q

How are URT viruses treated?

A
  • Fluids, and nutritional support
  • Appetite stimulants e.g. mirtazapine
  • Topical ocular medications are often needed in FHV-1 to treat pain and ulceration
59
Q

What are the signs of mosquito bite hypersensitivity?

A
  • Nose, ears and feet affected
  • Papules rapidly developing into small crusts
  • May be alopecia, depigmentation and ulcerations
  • Hypersensitivity to mosquito saliva
  • Peripheral lymphadenomegaly
60
Q

Name the auto immune skin disease in cats that affects the head and ears initially, and may then spread to the nipples and feet ? What is the main sign of it?

A

Feline pemphigus foliaceus

Main sign is dramatic crusting

61
Q

Give some examples of nodular disease in cats

A
  • Neoplasia
  • Mycobacterial infections
  • Fungal infections
62
Q

Considerable care is needed in cats with recurrent ‘abscess’ like lesions as these may represent …?

A

Mycobacterial disease

63
Q

What needs to be considered if mycobacterial disease is suspected?

A
  • Wear protective clothing
  • Submissions to the lab need extra precautions
  • When M. bovis is suspected or confirmed in a cat or dog post-mortem or confirmed in a living patient, the disease is notifiable.
  • However, the suspicion of infection in a living animal is not.
  • Notification should be to APHA England
64
Q

Describe how an indirect smear would be carried out

A
  • Roll swabs (gently) to avoid cell damage
  • Used for sinus tracts, folded areas and ear sampling
  • Pick off any lumps!
  • Stain as for haematology
  • For very greasy or waxy lesions use just the aqueous (red & blue) haem stains, but if possible use all three
65
Q

Which types of inflammation is seen with mycobacteria?

A

Pyogranulomatous inflammation

66
Q

What are the clinical signs of plasma cell pododermatitis?

A
  • Soft, swollen pads with scaling
  • Ulceration centrally in some
  • Some cats have gingivitis-stomatitis or nasal lesions
  • May be associated with glomerulopathy and/ or FIV
  • Unknown aetiology
67
Q

How is plasma cell pododermatitis treated?

A
  • Spontaneous regression
  • Prolapsed material needs surgical repair
  • Immune-modulation: steroids, ciclosporin

Y3 MOD Dermatology (12 decks)

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