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Y3 MOD Dermatology > Common Skin Conditions in Horses > Flashcards

Common Skin Conditions in Horses Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are some causes of pruritis in horses?

A
  • Lice
  • Mites
  • Ticks
  • Nematodes
  • Hypersensitivity
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2
Q

Name 2 lice of horses

A

Werneckiella

Haematopinus asini

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3
Q

Describe the features of Werneckiella and where it affects horses

A
  • Biting louse
  • Feeds on epidermal debris
  • Dorsolateral trunk, neck and face
  • Common in the winter when horses have a thicker coat
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4
Q

Describe the features of Haematopinus asini and where it affects horses

A
  • Sucking louse
  • Feeds on blood
  • Mane, tail, fetlock and pastern
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5
Q

How are lice treated and diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis using coat brushing and hair plucks

Treated with pyrethroids, fipronil, pyrethrins

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6
Q

Name some examples of mites found on horses

A
  • Chorioptes equi
  • Sarcoptes scabei
  • Psoroptes equi
  • Trombiculidiasis
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7
Q

Where on a horses body is affected by Chorioptes equi?

A
  • Distal limbs where there are lots of feathers, particularly in draft breeds and cobs
  • Warm, damp area
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8
Q

How will a horse show signs/react when they have a Chorioptes equi infection?

A

Intense pruritus with stamping/scratching/chewing of feet

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9
Q

What features of Chorioptes equi make the mite distinguishable?

A
  • Cup shaped suckers on the ends of its limbs
  • Dorsal anus
  • Limbs extend past the body margins
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10
Q

Trombiculidiasis is also known as?

A

Harvest mites

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11
Q

Name the poultry mite which also affects horses?

A

Dermanyssus gallinae

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12
Q

How are mites diagnosed?

A

Skin brushings

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13
Q

How are mites treated?

A
  • Macrocytic lactone injections
  • Topical macrocytic lactones
  • Topical shampoos: lime sulphur, selenium sulphate
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14
Q

Name the pinworm of horses

A

Oxyuris equi

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15
Q

Describe the features of Oxyuris equi and how that causes clinical signs

A
  • Perianal pruritus
  • Migrates out of the anus to lay eggs
  • The glue they use to stick the eggs onto the skin causes itch
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16
Q

How is Oxyuris equi diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs + cellophane tape for diagnosis

- Lemon shaped eggs

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17
Q

How is Oxyuris equi treated?

A

Oral anthelmintics

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18
Q

Ulcerative nodules in spring and summer caused by fly larvae in the skin are due to which parasite?

A

Habronemiasis

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19
Q

Name the neck worm of horses

A

Onchocerca cervicalis

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20
Q

Where is Onchocerca cervicalis found in the horse?

A
  • Adult lives in nuchal ligament

- Microfilarie migrate to skin → hypersensitivity

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21
Q

What is the cause of ‘sweet itch’

A

Culicoides spp

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22
Q

What are the features of Culicoides insect hypersensitivity

A
  • Main, back, tail, ventrum
  • Seasonal
  • Reaction to the midges saliva
23
Q

How is Culicoides insect hypersensitivity prevented?

A
  • Avoid midge contact – move to a drier, windier location, cover with rug
  • Reduce immune reaction e.g. steroids
24
Q

What is atopy?

A

Sensitivity to multiple allergens

25
Q

How is atopy diagnosed?

A

EXCLUSION (intradermal skin testing can help identify allergens)

26
Q

How is atopy treated?

A
  • Avoid allergen
  • Immunotherapy
  • Corticosteroids/ Antihistamines
  • Improve Skin Barrier Function
27
Q

Compare scaling vs crusting

A 
Scaling:
- Dry and grey 
Crusting:
- Yellow, red, brown
- Wet and damp with a serous ooze
28
Q

Rain scald is caused by?

A

Dermatophilosis

29
Q

Describe the characteristics and location of lesions due to Dermatophilosis

A
  • Chronic moisture + skin damage activate bacteria
  • Lesion: crust, moist mats of hair
  • Back, rump, gluteal area, face, neck extremities
  • Can be quite focal or extensive lesions
30
Q

How is dermatophilosis diagnosed and treated?

A

Diagnosis: Cytology (smear pus onto a slide and look for the typical ‘train track’ appearance of the bacteria )
Treatment:
- Topical: mild cases
- Systemic antimicrobials: severe cases

31
Q

Ring worm is also called?

A

Dermatophytosis

32
Q

Which animals are susceptible to Dermatophytosis?

A

Young and immunocompromised

33
Q

What are the signs of ringworm?

A

Circular patches of alopecia

34
Q

How is ringworm diagnosed and treated?

A
  • Diagnosis: fungal culture, PCR, microscopy

- Treatment: Topical antifungals (natamycin, enilconazole, miconazole)

35
Q

What are the two causes of photosensitisation?

A
  • Hepatogenous e.g. liver failure

- Ingestion or application of a photodynamic agent e.g. certain plant spp

36
Q

Name 2 examples of plants that cause photosensitisation

A
  • St johns wort

- Ragwort

37
Q

Which plant leads to toxicity and irreversible liver failure?

A

Ragwort

38
Q

Name the common disorder that affects non-pigmented areas on distal limb (lateral)

A

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis

39
Q

How is Leukocytoclastic vasculitis treated?

A
  • Avoid exposure to light
  • Corticosteroids
  • Wash legs to remove crusts
40
Q

What is pemphigus foliaceous?

A
  • Rare, autoimmune disease against desmosomes that hold cells together over the skin
  • Causes severe crusting
41
Q

Name the condition that causes grass warts

A

Viral papillomatosis

42
Q

How is Viral papillomatosis treated?

A
  • cosmetic issue

- don’t need to treat

43
Q

What is the cause of warbles?

A

Larval stages of Hypoderma bovis and lineatum

44
Q

How does warbles present?

A

Nodules with a central pore that is often painful

45
Q

Describe the features of eosinophilic granuloma

A
  • collagen necrosis
  • single or multiple
  • 0.5-10cm in size
  • non-painful
  • non-pruritic
46
Q

What is seen on the histology of an eosinophilic granuloma complex?

A

Flame figures (collagen) and lots of inflammatory cells

47
Q

What are the most common skin tumours of horses?

A

Sarcoids

48
Q

Name the 6 clinical sarcoid presentation

A
  • Occult
  • Verrucose
  • Nodular
  • Fibroblastic
  • Mixed
  • Malignant
49
Q

What is the danger with biopsying a sarcoid?

A

Dangers of exacerbating them and making them more aggressive

50
Q

How are Sarcoids treated?

A
  • Surgery / Laser Removal
  • ‘Immune’ therapy - BCG Injections
  • Cytotoxics (topical & injection)
  • Antimitotics (topical)
  • Photodynamic therapy
  • Lots of treatment failures
51
Q

What are the 4 prognosis rules for sarcoids?

A

RULE 1: The more they have the more they get
RULE 2: The fewer they have the fewer they get
RULE 3: Multiply over summer & grow over winter
RULE 4: A single sarcoid implies (genetic) susceptibility

52
Q

Which tumour is common in grey horses?

A

Melanoma

53
Q

Where are melanomas most commonly located?

A

Perineum
Tail
Head
Parotid region

54
Q

Where are squamous cells carcinomas most commonly located?

A
  • Most common in poorly pigmented animals

- Most common locations: external genitalia, eye

Y3 MOD Dermatology (12 decks)

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