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SA Dermatology > Introduction to dermatology > Flashcards

Introduction to dermatology Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Morphology of the skin

A

The skin can be divided into epidermis, dermis, subcutis, and adnexa (hair follicles, sebaceous, sweat and other glands, horns and clowns).

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2
Q

Four layers of the epidermis of skin

A

Come Get Sex Babe

stratum basale (basal layer),

stratum spinosum (spinous layer),

stratum granulosum (granular layer),

stratum corneum (horny layer).

(Haired skin has a fifth layer called the stratum lucidum between the strata granulosum and caorneum)

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3
Q

Cells found in the epidermis

A

keratinocytes (~85%),

melanocytes (~5%),

Langerhan’s cells (~5-8%),

Merkel cells (~3-5%).

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4
Q

What does the dermis consist of?

A

Collagen and elastic fibrils

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5
Q

Which layer of the skin has no blood vessels?

A

The epidermis

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6
Q

Phases of hair growth

A

Anagen

Catagen

Telogen

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7
Q

Anagen

A

the phase where mitotic activity and growth occur.

The shaft of the hair is long and the hair root or bulb deep in the dermis.

The opening of the sebaceous gland is about a third of the way down the follicle.

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8
Q

Catagen

A

a transitional phase at which growth has ceased and the follicle begins to shorten preparatory to shedding of the old hair and the regrowth of a new hair.

There are changes in the attachment of the hair shaft to the root sheath associated with this process and the follicle is shorter.

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9
Q

Telogen

A

a resting phase.

The follicle is very short, the hair shaft is separating from the root sheath preparatory to being shed and the base of the follicle is at the same level as the sebaceous gland.

There will be a new root germ deep in the dermis beneath the old follicle often already producing a new hair, which will push out the old one

It is only when follicles become ‘stuck’ in telogen that alopecia develops.

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10
Q

Factors influencing state of skin and hair growth

A

Photoperiod

Aging

Temperature

Nutrition

Calorie, lipid, and mineral intake

General disease states

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11
Q

Photoperiod and hair growth

A

Photoperiod acts via the hypothalamus, pituitary and pineal glands.

The photoperiod is particularly important with hair growth maximum in summer and minimal in winter.

Hair tends to be shed noticeably in spring and autumn.

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12
Q

Crust

A

Irregular skin surface with dried exudate (erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets, scales, bacteria).

E.g. chronic stage of epidermitis or dermatitis.

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13
Q

Comedo

A

A greasy plug in a sebaceous follicle composed of a mixture of keratin, sebum and bacteria.

It usually has a black appearance. E.g. hyperadrenocorticism. Schanuzer comedo syndrome.

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14
Q

Cyst

A

Cavity lined by epithelium and filled with liquid or semisolid material.

E.g. dermoid cyst, follicular cyst.

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15
Q

Depigmentation

A

Loss of pigmentation.

E.g. copper deficiency.

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16
Q

Erosion

A

Partial loss of the epidermis.

The area is depressed, moist and glistening.

E.g. secondary to surface trauma, viral infections.

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17
Q

Erythema

A

Increased redness of the skin caused by capillary dilation.

E.g. dermatitis.

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18
Q

Epitheliotropic lymphoma

A

Necrosis - cell death

Dermatitic

Vasculitis and thrombosis

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19
Q

Excoriation

A

Loss of epidermis

E.g. scratch

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20
Q

Fissure

A

Linear crack or break in the epidermis

E.g. digital hyperkeratosis

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21
Q

Hyperpigmentation

A

Increased production of melanin or increase in the number of melanocytes.

E.g. chronic dermatitis and endocrine dermatosis.

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22
Q

Hypopigmentation

A

Decreased pigmentation of skin.

E.g. congenital

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23
Q

Lichenification

A

Rough, thickened skin, secondary to chronic rubbing, scratching or irritation.

E.g. chronic dermatitis.

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24
Q

Macule

A

Change in the colour of the skin, neither depressed nor elevated, circumscribed area >1 cm in diameter.

E.g. vitiligo, haemorrhage.

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25
Q

Nodule

A

Circumscribed, solid, elevated skin lesions >5 mm in diameter.

E.g. deep bacterial or fungal infections.

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26
Q

Papule

A

A palpable elevated, firm, circumscribed area <5 mm in diameter.

E.g. insect bite, superficial folliculitis.

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27
Q

Plaque

A

Elevated, firm, flat lesion >1 cm in diameter.

E.g. calcinosis cutis.

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28
Q

Pustule

A

(microabscess).

Elevated superficial accumulation of pus within or beneath the epidermis or within a pilosebaceous follicle.

E.g. bacterial infections, pemphigus foliaceous.

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29
Q

Scale

A

Flaky skin, irregular, thick or thin, dry or oily with fragmented keratinized cells.

E.g. nutritional deficiencies, fungi.

30
Q

Seborrhea

A

Increased epidermal cell turnover, keratin scales, and acanthosis

31
Q

Skin callus

A

Thick, hard, hairless, hyperpigmented skin area.

Common in large dog breeds over bony prominence (e.g. elbow).

32
Q

Ulcer

A

Complete loss of epidermis.

Complete loss of epidermis and basement membrane with exposure of dermis, concave red area.

E.g. autoimmune skin diseases, feline herpesvirus infection.

33
Q

Vesicle and bulla

A

Elevated, fluid-filled cavities within or beneath the epidermis.

Vesicle <1 cm in diameter, bulla is >1 cm in diameter.

E.g. viral infections, immunomediated diseases, burn.

34
Q

Wheal

A

A transient, edematous, circumscribed area.

E.g. allergic reaction, insect bites.

35
Q

Acantholysis

A

The separation of the cells of the prickle-cell layer of the epidermis from each other, resulting in the formation of clefts.

E.g. pemphigus.

36
Q

Acanthosis

A

A thickening of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, is the result of hyperplasia of the epidermis.

E.g. papillomas.

37
Q

Apoptosis

A

A programmed cell death.

38
Q

Atrophy

A

A wasting or shrinking of a cell, tissue, organ or part of an organism, after it has developed completely and achieved its full size.

E.g. dermal atrophy due to hypercortisolemia and chronic ischeamia, where a decrease in the quantity of collagen fibrils and fibroblasts is found.

39
Q

Ballooning degeneration

A

An intracellular edema of cells in superficial layers of the epidermis, found mainly in viral infections.

E.g. pox viruses.

40
Q

Calcinosis

A

Cutis - calcium in the dermis e.g. hyperadrenocorticism or Cushing disease.

Circumscripta - calcium over pressure points.

41
Q

Collagen degeneration

A

Collagen flame figure

Dermal deposition of amorphous eosinophilic material on collagen fibrils.

E.g. eosinophilic granuloma, mast cell tumour.

42
Q

Collagen dysplasia

A

An inherited abnormality of collagen resulting in decreased tensile strength and increased stretchability.

43
Q

Dermatitis

A

An inflammatory condition of the skin, which affects primarily the dermis.

E.g. viral, bacterial infections.

44
Q

Dermatophytosis

A

(ring worm)

Alopecia, Fungi (arthrospores), hyperkeratosis.

45
Q

Desmoplasia

A

Fibroplasia and collagenous stroma induced by neoplastic process.

46
Q

Dyskeratosis

A

An abnormal and premature keratinization of epidermal cells.

E.g. Zinc-responsive dermatosis.

47
Q

Epidermal hyperplasia

A

An increase in the cells within the epidermis.

E.g. chronic dermatitis, papillomas, calluses.

48
Q

Epidermatitis

A

Inflammation of the epidermis.

E.g. bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic infections.

Alopecia - loss of hair, erosion - partial loss of epidermis.

49
Q

Exocytosis

A

Migration of leukocytes and/or erythrocytes into the epidermis.

E.g. epidermitis.

50
Q

Fibroplasia

A

Proliferation of fibroblasts and newly collagen fibrils.

E.g. response to ulceration.

51
Q

Folliculitis

A

Inflammation within one or more follicles.

Leads to loss of hair shaft.

E.g. demodicosis.

52
Q

Furunculosis

A

Rupture of follicle, accompanied by leakage of follicle contents, hair, keratin, sebum into the dermis, with a foreign body inflammatory response.

E.g. anal furunculosis in the German Shepherd dog.

53
Q

Hidradenitis

A

An inflammatory response in apocrine glands (epitrichial).

E.g. bacterial infections.

54
Q

Hydropic degeneration

A

Fluid accumulation within the basal cells and basal keratinocytes of the outer root sheath of hair follicles.

E.g. lupus erythematosus, drug eruptions, viral diseases (poxvirus).

55
Q

Hypergranulosis

A

An increased thickness of the granular cell layer.

E.g. hyperkeratosis.

56
Q

Hyperkeratosis

A

An increase on the thickness of the stratum corneum.

Scaly, flaky skin.

Can be thick or thin, dry or oily, with fragmented keratinized cells.

57
Q

Orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis

A

Hyperkeratosis where the cells are anuclear

58
Q

Parakeratotic hyperkeratosis

A

Hyperkeratosis where the cells are nuclear

E.g. vitamin A deficiency, zinc-responsive dermatosis

59
Q

Necrosis

A

Death of cells, where there is nuclear pyknosis, karyorrhexis or karyolysis.

E.g. thermal burns.

60
Q

Panniculitis or adipositis

A

An inflammatory change in the subcutaneous fat.

E.g. bacterial infections, foreign bodies.

61
Q

Perifoliculitis

A

An inflammation of a follicle and the connective tissue surrounding it.

62
Q

Perivasculitis

A

Allergic skin dermatitis: food allergy, atopy, flea allergy, contact dermatitis, photosensitisation, etc.

63
Q

Pigmentary incontinence

A

Loss of melanin from the stratum basale and the accumulation of the pigment in macrophages in the upper dermis.

E.g. lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, erythema multiforme.

64
Q

Pustule or miscroabscess

A

A small elevation filled with pus that is situated within or beneath the epidermis or within a pilosebaceous follicle.

E.g. superficial bacterial infections, pemphigus foliaceus.

65
Q

Sebaceous adenitis

A

An inflammatory reaction targeting sebaceous glands.

E.g. secondary to folliculitis

66
Q

Spongiosis

A

Intercellular oedema.

E.g. dermatitis.

67
Q

Vasculitis

A

An inflammation of blood vessels.

E.g. systemic lupus erythematosus.

68
Q

Inflammatory pathology of the skin

A

Acute inflammation virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites,

/ Destructive - immune mediated.

Physical and chemical agents.

69
Q

Hyperplastic pathology of the skin

A

Chronic conditions with inflammatory component.

Epidermal – dyskeratosis - dermal- calcification, fibrosis, granuloma formation.

Aetiology can be nutritional, infective or chemical.

70
Q

Atrophic pathology of the skin

A

Senility hormonal disturbances - (thinning of the epidermis, dermal collagen fibrils break up, pilosebaceous atrophy).

Corticosteroids.

71
Q

Neoplastic pathology of the skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, subcutis and metastasis.

72
Q

Endocrine pathology of the skin

A

Most hairs arrested in telogen, less common in catagen more easily epilated by licking, rubbing, etc.

Bilateral symmetrical alopecia

Epidermal atrophy and hyperkeratosis

Sebaceous gland atrophy

SA Dermatology (20 decks)

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