Introduction to Criminology - What is Criminology?

Question 1

How dose Garland (2002:8) define criminology?

Answer 1

Discourse and inquiry about crime, developed in the modern period and can be distinguished from other ways of thinking about criminal conduct.

Question 2

How dose Newburn ((2017:4) define criminology?

Answer 2

Origin applied medico-legal science, psychaitry, sociological approaches.

Question 3

Who first used the term Criminology?

Answer 3

Paul Topinard

Question 4

David Garland said that there were two different streams of work in modern criminology. What are they?

Answer 4

1, The Governmental project
2, The Lomborsian project

Question 5

What is the Governmental project?

Answer 5

An empirical study of the administration of justice, the working prisons, police and the measurement of crime.

Question 6

What is the Lombrosian project?

Answer 6

Studies which sought to examine the characteristics of criminals and non-criminals. (Lombroso) Using physical characteristics to identify criminals.

Question 7

Criminology is what sort of subject?

Answer 7

Interdisciplinary

Question 8

What is the difference between Criminology and criminal justice?

Answer 8

Criminology - Theoretical
Criminal Justice - crime and its causes.

Question 9

What did Lacey (2002:265) say about the difference between criminology and criminal justice was?

Answer 9

Criminology - social and individual antecedents of crime. Nature of crime as a social phenomenon.
Criminal justice - Institutional aspects of social construction of crime.

Question 10

How dose Edwin Sutherland define criminology?

Answer 10

The study of the making of laws, the breaking down of laws and of society’s reaction to the breaking of social sanction.

Question 11

What are 3 Tributaries that make up the subject?

Answer 11

1, The study of crime
2, The study of those who commit crime
3, The study of the criminal justice and penal system

Question 12

Sutherland (1937) says?

Answer 12

Objective criminology is the development of a body general and verified principles and of other types of knowledge regarding the process of law, crime and treatment of prevention.

Question 13

What are Hillyard and Tombs (2004) critisims?

Answer 13

Argues for a change of focus away from ‘crime’ and towards ‘social harm’

Question 14

What dose it mean by crime has no ontological reality?

Answer 14

Crime has no reality beyond the application of the term to particular acts.

Question 15

What is a criminology perpetuates the myth of crime?

Answer 15

Crime is relatively unproblematic, continued attempts to explain the causes of crime illustrates this.

Question 16

Why is crime consisting of many petty events a criticism?

Answer 16

A lot of criminal acts create little physical or financial harm and often involves no victim.

Question 17

Crime exludes many serious harms

Answer 17

Acts that result in fairly sizable harm are not dealt with via the criminal law.

Question 18

What is the Spanner Case?

Answer 18

1987 - Police raid and seized a videotape that showed a number of identifiable men engaging in heavy sad-masochistic activities including beatings, genital abrasions and lacerations, the police suspected people were killed and harmed however this was never the case.
- Investigation cost over £4 million.
- Dozens of gay men were interviewed.
- 1990, 16 men pleaded guilty as they were told to by their legal advisors to a number of offences.
- Given suspended sentences or were fined
- Defence = Everyone consented to these activities
- The law of Assualt - You can not consent to an assault
- The house of lords judgement - no exception to the law that consent is no defence to charges of assault.

Question 19

Crime is a what?

Answer 19

Social Construct

Question 20

What is meant by degrees of unaccountability?

Answer 20

Acceptable less vilansed then for crimes in which are unacceptable

Question 21

How dose an act become criminalised?

Answer 21

Public attitudes, the state chooses to criminalise an act, part of a society (pressure groups, works to pursade government)

Question 22

What is the harm principle?

Answer 22

When society acts out and the government put something in place or do something to solve the unrest

Question 23

What are some liberalising Laws?

Answer 23

The Abortion Act 1967
The Sexual Offence Act 1967

Question 24

What is the ISTD?

Answer 24

In 1931 the Assocation for the Scientific Treatment of Criminal was changed to the ISTD in 1951.
Institue for the Srudy and Treatment of Delinquency.
Initally had a psychoanalytical approach to crime and criminal justice, members included Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. In 1950 it published the first issue of The British Journal of Delinquency.