Introduction to Criminology - What is Criminology? Flashcards
How dose Garland (2002:8) define criminology?
Discourse and inquiry about crime, developed in the modern period and can be distinguished from other ways of thinking about criminal conduct.
How dose Newburn ((2017:4) define criminology?
Origin applied medico-legal science, psychaitry, sociological approaches.
Who first used the term Criminology?
Paul Topinard
David Garland said that there were two different streams of work in modern criminology. What are they?
1, The Governmental project
2, The Lomborsian project
What is the Governmental project?
An empirical study of the administration of justice, the working prisons, police and the measurement of crime.
What is the Lombrosian project?
Studies which sought to examine the characteristics of criminals and non-criminals. (Lombroso) Using physical characteristics to identify criminals.
Criminology is what sort of subject?
Interdisciplinary
What is the difference between Criminology and criminal justice?
Criminology - Theoretical
Criminal Justice - crime and its causes.
What did Lacey (2002:265) say about the difference between criminology and criminal justice was?
Criminology - social and individual antecedents of crime. Nature of crime as a social phenomenon.
Criminal justice - Institutional aspects of social construction of crime.
How dose Edwin Sutherland define criminology?
The study of the making of laws, the breaking down of laws and of society’s reaction to the breaking of social sanction.
What are 3 Tributaries that make up the subject?
1, The study of crime
2, The study of those who commit crime
3, The study of the criminal justice and penal system
Sutherland (1937) says?
Objective criminology is the development of a body general and verified principles and of other types of knowledge regarding the process of law, crime and treatment of prevention.
What are Hillyard and Tombs (2004) critisims?
Argues for a change of focus away from ‘crime’ and towards ‘social harm’
What dose it mean by crime has no ontological reality?
Crime has no reality beyond the application of the term to particular acts.
What is a criminology perpetuates the myth of crime?
Crime is relatively unproblematic, continued attempts to explain the causes of crime illustrates this.
Why is crime consisting of many petty events a criticism?
A lot of criminal acts create little physical or financial harm and often involves no victim.
Crime exludes many serious harms
Acts that result in fairly sizable harm are not dealt with via the criminal law.
What is the Spanner Case?
1987 - Police raid and seized a videotape that showed a number of identifiable men engaging in heavy sad-masochistic activities including beatings, genital abrasions and lacerations, the police suspected people were killed and harmed however this was never the case.
- Investigation cost over £4 million.
- Dozens of gay men were interviewed.
- 1990, 16 men pleaded guilty as they were told to by their legal advisors to a number of offences.
- Given suspended sentences or were fined
- Defence = Everyone consented to these activities
- The law of Assualt - You can not consent to an assault
- The house of lords judgement - no exception to the law that consent is no defence to charges of assault.
Crime is a what?
Social Construct
What is meant by degrees of unaccountability?
Acceptable less vilansed then for crimes in which are unacceptable
How dose an act become criminalised?
Public attitudes, the state chooses to criminalise an act, part of a society (pressure groups, works to pursade government)
What is the harm principle?
When society acts out and the government put something in place or do something to solve the unrest
What are some liberalising Laws?
The Abortion Act 1967
The Sexual Offence Act 1967
What is the ISTD?
In 1931 the Assocation for the Scientific Treatment of Criminal was changed to the ISTD in 1951.
Institue for the Srudy and Treatment of Delinquency.
Initally had a psychoanalytical approach to crime and criminal justice, members included Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. In 1950 it published the first issue of The British Journal of Delinquency.
