Introduction to Cellular Pathology Flashcards
What is the definition of histology? [1 mark]
The study of more complex structures.
What is tissue structure? [1 mark]
How cells combine with extra cellular material and each other to form a tissue.
What is cellular structure? [3 marks]
- How a cell is shaped.
- How the components/organelles inside cells are organised to support that cell’s specific function.
- The biochemical reactions that take place within the cell.
What is sub-cellular structure? [1 mark]
Detailed analysis of organelles and inclusions.
What is histochemical structure? [1 mark]
The study of tissue affected by disease.
What is epithelial tissue? [3 marks]
- Tissue made up of cells in a continous sheet.
- One or more layers
- Has apical (surface) and basal (bottom) layers.
What does the basal layer interact with? [1 mark]
Basement membrane (matrix that separates the epithelium from other types of tissue)
How many layers does a simple epithelium have? [1 mark]
1
How many layers does a stratified epithelium have? [1 mark]
2 or more cell layers
How many layers does a pseudostratified epithelium have? [1 mark]
1 (but not all cells reach the apical surface)
What are the shapes of epithelial cells? [3 marks]
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
- Squamous
What are the two groups of connective tissue? [2 marks]
- Connective tissue proper
- Specialised connective tissue
What does the connective tissue matrix contain? [2 marks]
- Ground substrances (proteins and polysacccharides)
- Fibres (reticular, collagen and elastic)
What are the classifications of connective tissue proper? [2 marks]
- Loose (found in skin, blood vessels, nerves and organs)
- Dense (found in tendons and ligaments)
What are the main components of cartilage? [2 marks]
- Collagin and elastin in a matrix of glycoproteins
- Chondrocyres (cells that produce all of the structural components of cartilage)
What is hyaline cartilage and where is it found? [3 marks]
- Weakest
- Most abundant
- Found at the end of long bones, ears and noses
What does elastic cartilage do? [1 mark]
- Maintains shape
What is fibrouscartilage and where is it found? [3 marks]
- Strongest type
- Has dense collagen and little matrix
- Found in the pelvis, skull and vertebral discs
What are the types of bone development? [2 marks]
- Membranous (found in flat bones)
- Endochondral (found in vertebral columns)
What are types of mature bones? [2 marks]
- Compact (circular lamellae organised in the Haversian system)
- Trabecular (parallel lamellae with marrow within the spaces)
Structure of skeletal muscle [3 marks]
- Striated
- Striations are perpendicular to the muscle fibre
- Usually found attached to bone
Structure of cardiac muscle [5 marks]
- Striated
- Branched
- Has intercalated discs (to support synchronized contraction)
- Cells are smaller than skeletal muscle cells
- Nuceli are located centrally
Structure of smooth muscle [4 marks]
- Unstriated
- Spindle shaped
- Cells vary in size
- Cells are tapered at both ends
What are the nerve cell types? [2 marks]
- Neurones (motor, interneurones and sensory)
- Neuroglia
What are the germ layers of embryos? [3 marks]
- Endoderms (gives rise to lining of gut, liver, pancreas, gallbladder etc.)
- Ectoderm (gives rise to hair, skin, nails, lens; the epithelia of sense organs, the nasal cavity, the sinuses, the mouth; the anal canal and nervous tissue)
- Mesoderm (gives rise to muscle, connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, lymphoid tissue, the epithelia of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, body cavities, kidneys, ureters, gonads and the adrenal cortex)
