Introduction to Cellular Pathology

Question 1

What is the definition of histology? [1 mark]

Answer 1

The study of more complex structures.

Question 2

What is tissue structure? [1 mark]

Answer 2

How cells combine with extra cellular material and each other to form a tissue.

Question 3

What is cellular structure? [3 marks]

Answer 3

• How a cell is shaped.
• How the components/organelles inside cells are organised to support that cell’s specific function.
• The biochemical reactions that take place within the cell.

Question 4

What is sub-cellular structure? [1 mark]

Answer 4

Detailed analysis of organelles and inclusions.

Question 5

What is histochemical structure? [1 mark]

Answer 5

The study of tissue affected by disease.

Question 6

What is epithelial tissue? [3 marks]

Answer 6

• Tissue made up of cells in a continous sheet.
• One or more layers
• Has apical (surface) and basal (bottom) layers.

Question 7

What does the basal layer interact with? [1 mark]

Answer 7

Basement membrane (matrix that separates the epithelium from other types of tissue)

Question 8

How many layers does a simple epithelium have? [1 mark]

Answer 8

1

Question 9

How many layers does a stratified epithelium have? [1 mark]

Answer 9

2 or more cell layers

Question 10

How many layers does a pseudostratified epithelium have? [1 mark]

Answer 10

1 (but not all cells reach the apical surface)

Question 11

What are the shapes of epithelial cells? [3 marks]

Answer 11

• Cuboidal
• Columnar
• Squamous

Question 12

What are the two groups of connective tissue? [2 marks]

Answer 12

• Connective tissue proper

- Specialised connective tissue

Question 13

What does the connective tissue matrix contain? [2 marks]

Answer 13

• Ground substrances (proteins and polysacccharides)

- Fibres (reticular, collagen and elastic)

Question 14

What are the classifications of connective tissue proper? [2 marks]

Answer 14

• Loose (found in skin, blood vessels, nerves and organs)

- Dense (found in tendons and ligaments)

Question 15

What are the main components of cartilage? [2 marks]

Answer 15

• Collagin and elastin in a matrix of glycoproteins

- Chondrocyres (cells that produce all of the structural components of cartilage)

Question 16

What is hyaline cartilage and where is it found? [3 marks]

Answer 16

• Weakest
• Most abundant
• Found at the end of long bones, ears and noses

Question 17

What does elastic cartilage do? [1 mark]

Answer 17

• Maintains shape

Question 18

What is fibrouscartilage and where is it found? [3 marks]

Answer 18

• Strongest type
• Has dense collagen and little matrix
• Found in the pelvis, skull and vertebral discs

Question 19

What are the types of bone development? [2 marks]

Answer 19

• Membranous (found in flat bones)

- Endochondral (found in vertebral columns)

Question 20

What are types of mature bones? [2 marks]

Answer 20

• Compact (circular lamellae organised in the Haversian system)
• Trabecular (parallel lamellae with marrow within the spaces)

Question 21

Structure of skeletal muscle [3 marks]

Answer 21

• Striated
• Striations are perpendicular to the muscle fibre
• Usually found attached to bone

Question 22

Structure of cardiac muscle [5 marks]

Answer 22

• Striated
• Branched
• Has intercalated discs (to support synchronized contraction)
• Cells are smaller than skeletal muscle cells
• Nuceli are located centrally

Question 23

Structure of smooth muscle [4 marks]

Answer 23

• Unstriated
• Spindle shaped
• Cells vary in size
• Cells are tapered at both ends

Question 24

What are the nerve cell types? [2 marks]

Answer 24

• Neurones (motor, interneurones and sensory)

- Neuroglia

Question 25

What are the germ layers of embryos? [3 marks]

Answer 25

• Endoderms (gives rise to lining of gut, liver, pancreas, gallbladder etc.)
• Ectoderm (gives rise to hair, skin, nails, lens; the epithelia of sense organs, the nasal cavity, the sinuses, the mouth; the anal canal and nervous tissue)
• Mesoderm (gives rise to muscle, connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, lymphoid tissue, the epithelia of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, body cavities, kidneys, ureters, gonads and the adrenal cortex)