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Fundamentals in Pathology > Intro to immune system > Flashcards

Intro to immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the branches of adaptive immunity? [2 marks]

A
  • Humoral (B cells and antibodies)

- Cellular (T cells)

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2
Q

What are physical barriers to pathogens? [2 marks]

A
  • Skin

- Mucous secretions (has proteolytic enzymes and ferritin)

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3
Q

What are involved in innate immune responses? [3 marks]

A
  • Mast cells
  • Neurophils
  • Complement proteins
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4
Q

What are the main functions of the innate immune system? [4 marks]

A
  • Prevention, control and elimination of infection.
  • Removal of damaged cells and initiation of tissue repair.
  • Activate the adaptive immune response.
  • Influence the type of adaptive response that will develop.
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5
Q

What are PAMPs? [2 marks]

A
  • Small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes.
  • Needed for survival of microbes.
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6
Q

How do immune cells detect danger? [2 marks]

A
  • Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

- Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

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7
Q

Where are dendritic cells distributed? [3 marks]

A
  • Lymphoid tissue
  • Mucosal epithelium
  • Body organs
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8
Q

What happens after recognition of PAMPs? [3 marks]

A
  • Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) induce release of cytokines
  • This triggers proinflammatory and antimicrobial responses
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9
Q

What happens in inflammation? [3 marks]

A
  • Increased blood supply to affected area
  • Increased permeability of vasculature
  • Migration of WBCs out of blood capillaries
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10
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs and what happens in them? [3 marks]

A

Where lymphocytes are formed and matured.

  • Bone marrow
  • Thymus
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11
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs and what happens in them? [4 marks]

A

Where lymphocytes interact with each other and non-lymphoid cells to generate immune responses.

  • Blood
  • Lymph
  • Spleen (recycles old RBCs and fight certain microbes)
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12
Q

Where does lymph fluid get emptied out? [2 marks]

A

VIA THORACIC DUCT

  • Left subclavian
  • Internal jugular veins
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13
Q

Where does lymph fluid enter and exit? [2 marks]

A

ENTER: afferent lymphatic vessel
EXIT: efferent lymphatic vessel

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14
Q

What do T cells respond to? [2 marks]

A
  • Antigen presenting cells

- With T cell receptors

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15
Q

What do B cells respond to? [2 marks]

A
  • Pathogen antigens

- Due to IgM which stimulates signalling pathways

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16
Q

What immunoglobins (Ig) are present on B cells and plasma cells? [2 marks]

A

B CELL: IgM (membrane)

PLASMA CELL: IgS (secretory)

17
Q

What do T cells recognise? [2 marks]

A
  • Antigens on antigen presenting cells (APC)

- Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)

18
Q

Which class of histocompatibility molecule (MHC) do CD4+ (helper) T cells have? [1 mark]

A

MHC Class II

19
Q

Which class of histocompatibility molecule (MHC) do CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells have? [1 mark]

A

MHC Class I

20
Q

What do CD4+ T cells do after recognising antigens? [2 marks]

A
  • Secretes cytokines

- Activates macrophages, B cells and other T cells

21
Q

What do CD8+ T cells do after recognising antigens? [4 marks]

A

Kill target cells using:

  • cytokines
  • cytotoxic granules
  • caspase cascade
22
Q

Why are antibodies useful in laboratory assays? [2 mark]

A
  • Highly specific
  • High affinity binding
    Allows rapid and highly sensitive identification of specific molecules
23
Q

What is the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) used for?[1 mark]

A

Determines serum antibody concentration

24
Q

What is Western blotting used for? [1 mark]

A

Determines a single protein in a mix of different proteins

25
Q

What is lateral flow assay used for? [2 marks]

A
  • Pregnancy tests

- Detects presence of hCG

26
Q

What is fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) used for? [1 mark]

A

Detects and measures physical and chemical characteristics of a population of cells or particles

Fundamentals in Pathology (11 decks)

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