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Fundamentals in Pathology > Innate immunity > Flashcards

Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What physical barriers are present to prevent microbe entry? [2 marks]

A
  • Skin (slightly acidic)

- Mucosal surfaces trap pathogens and have enzymes to kill them

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2
Q

What chemical barriers are present to prevent microbe entry? [2 marks]

A
  • Low pH of the stomach

- Lysosomes in tear ducts to punch holes into the plasma membrane

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3
Q

What cells are phagocytic? [3 marks]

A
  • Monocytes/Macrophages
  • Granulocytes (e.g. eosinophil, basophil)
  • Neutrophil
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4
Q

What does the inflammatory response do (in terms of blood vessels and immunity)? [4 marks]

A
  • Recruits neutrophil via enhanced permeability and discharge
  • Closes off the site of infection via cell adhesion and clotting
  • Releases pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines
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5
Q

What do cytokines do? [2 marks]

A
  • Act to modify the behaviour of cells in the immune response
  • For example, make T cells work more effectively
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6
Q

What do chemokines do? [2 marks]

A
  • Act as chemotactic factors

- They create concentration gradients from the site of infection which attract (or repel) specific cell types

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7
Q

Which cell types produce IL-1? [2 marks]

A
  • Macrophages

- Keratinocytes

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8
Q

What does IL-1 do to the liver? [2 marks]

A
  • Causes it to make a lot of complementary proteins

- Upregulates clotting factors

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9
Q

What does IL-8 do? [1 mark]

A

Acts as a chemoattractant for neutrophils

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10
Q

What does IL-12 do to naïve T cells?

A
  • Diverts immune response to type 1 (cytotoxic)
  • Proinflammatory response
  • Cytokine secretion
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11
Q

What does TNF-α do to blood vessels? [2 marks]

A
  • Produces cell-adhesion molecules (i.e. E- and P- selectins)
  • Makes blood vessel walls more permeable
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12
Q

How do macrophages recognise microbes? [3 marks]

A
  • Have phagocytic receptors that bind microbes and their components
  • Receptors include complement and scavenger receptors
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13
Q

What are some examples of pattern associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)? [5 marks]

A
  • Gram positive and gram negative bacteria
  • Bacterial flagellin
  • Abnormal protein glycosylation
  • Abnormal nucleic acids
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14
Q

What do gram negative bacteria have? [2 marks]

A
  • Lipopolysaccharides on the outer membrane

- These are lipids that anchor with the polysaccharide chain

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15
Q

What do gram positive bacteria have? [4 marks]

A
  • Small peptide chains on the outer membrane
  • Teichoic acid
  • Lipoteichoic acid
  • Peptidoglycan
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16
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)? [2 marks]

A
  • Host factors that recognise a specific type of PAMP

- There are 3 classes of PRR; secreted, extra- and intercellular (cytoplasmic)

17
Q

Where are PRRs encoded? [1 mark]

A

In the germ line

18
Q

What do extracellular PRRs do? [2 marks]

A
  • Recognise PAMPs outside of a cell

- Trigger a co-ordinated response to the pathogen

19
Q

What do intracellular (cytoplasmic) PRRs do? [2 marks]

A
  • Recognise PAMPs inside a cell

- Act to co-ordinate a response to the pathogen

20
Q

What do secreted PRRs do? [1 mark]

A

Tag circulating pathogens for elimination

21
Q

What does the interferon system deal with? [1 mark]

A

Viral infections

22
Q

How does the interferon system deal with infected cells? [2 marks]

A
  • Uses cytoplasmic PRRs (RIG-like receptors) that detect viral RNA
  • Prevents the infected cell from replicating by shutting down metabolism and replication
23
Q

How do interferons prevent autoimmunity? [2 marks]

A
  • Binds to interferon receptors on self cells

- Only mounts a response if the cell doesn’t have receptors.

24
Q

Where are complement proteins made? [1 mark]

A

In the liver

25
Q

What do complement proteins do? [2 marks]

A
  • Recognise PAMPs on the surface of microbes

- Tag them

26
Q

How are microbes cleared after being tagged by complement proteins? [3 marks]

A
  • Phagocytosed
  • Opsonised (coated to prevent entry into cells)
  • Holes are punched into them
27
Q

What are the three ways of activating complement proteins? [3 marks]

A

CLASSICAL PATHWAY: recognition of LPS and other PAMPs by C1q components
LECTIN PATHWAY: non-host glycosylation recognised by MBP and other lectins
ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY: Membranes that do have proteins to shut down complement are recognised as non-self

28
Q

Structure of Natural Killer (NK) cells [3 mark]

A
  • Lymphocyte-like
  • Large
  • Granular cytoplasm
29
Q

What do NK cells do? [2 marks]

A
  • Kill certain tumours & virally infected cells

- Inject granzymes and perforins

30
Q

What do NK cells recognise? [2 marks]

A
  • MHC molecules (or lack there of)

- Activating ligands

31
Q

What are some defects of complement proteins? [2 marks]

A

CORE: cause autoimmune diseases (e.g. lupus)

NON-CORE: linked to susceptibility to pathogens like Neisseria

32
Q

What are some macrophage deficiencies? [2 marks]

A
  • Chronic granulomatous disease: no oxidative burst

- IRF8 mutations: links to susceptibility to TB

33
Q

What are some defects of cytokines? [2 marks]

A
  • Aicardi–Goutières syndrome: constant inflammation

- Lack of interfern-responsiveness: sensitivity to viral infections

Fundamentals in Pathology (11 decks)

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