Introduction to CC Flashcards
a solution with known concentration, used to as reference to determine the concentration of unknown solution. Prepared by dissolving accurately weigh pure substance in a definite volume of solvent.
Standard solution-
highly purified chemical (99%) with known concentration and purity that is commercially available. It used as a reference standard.
Primary standard (reagent grade)
very high purity, equal or exceeds the specification of American chemical society (ACS). For laboratory use, bottles have AR or ACS initial.
Analytical reagent
(reagent grade)
prepared from primary standard and specifically used for a specific analysis and calibration of instrument.
Secondary standard-
Nano grade. For high-end laboratory exams such trace element determination, HPLC, immunoassays and molecular technique.
Ultra pure
Limits of impurities are not specified. Not recommended for lab examination but may be use in general chemistry and less critical analysis.
Chemically pure (laboratory grade)
Not necessarily of sufficient purity use as analytic grades. Used for drug manufacture.
National formulary
Not necessarily of sufficient purity use as analytic grades. For industrial use
Commercial or technical grade
According to CAP
For examination require maximum of highest purity like special chemistry assays, microbiology and cell or tissue culture.
Type I
(reagent grade water)
According to CAP
Preparation of calibrators and standard solution.
Type I
(reagent grade water)
According to CAP
For routine examination in chemistry, microbiology, immunology and hematology
Type II
(pure water)
According to CAP
Produced by reverse osmosis or distillation.
For qualitative measurement such as parasitology, histology and clinical microscopy.
For washing of glasswares and autoclave.
Type III
(instrument-feed water)
According to CSLI
Purification is by combination of distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis and filtration.
Clinical laboratory reagent grade (CLRW)
According to CSLI
For routine testing
Clinical laboratory reagent grade (CLRW)
According to CSLI
Used in automated machines for rinsing and dilutions.
For water bath
Instrument-feed water
According to CSLI
For examination such as DNA/RNA analysis and trace metal metals.
Special reagent water (SRW)
Glassware
High resistance to thermal shock and chemical attack. Used for beakers, flask, pipets and test tubes.
Can be heated and autoclave.
Most commonly used.
Borosilicate glass
Example: Pyrex and kimax
Example of Borosilicate glass
Pyrex and kimax
Stronger than borosilicate. Can resist clouding and scratching.
Aluminosilicate glass
Plastic, Widely used for making test tubes, disposable transfer pipet and test tube racks
Polyethylene or Polypropylene
Acid, thermal and heat shock resistant used for disposable materials such as pipet tips it is chemically resistant and can be autoclaved.
Vycor
Plastic, used in tubes for centrifugation, graduated cylinders and flask.
Polycarbonate
Soda-lime glass with oxides of sodium, silicon and calcium. Used for some disposable glassware such as pipet tips.
Flint glass
Amber or red color. Used to reduce light exposure such as bilirubin standard.
Low actinic
used for transferring liquid, made up of glass or plastics can be reusable or disposable.
Pipettes
contains a particular volume but does not dispense the exact volume due to tendency of fluid to cling to glass surfaces.
Also referred as rinse-out pipet
To contain pipette
dispense the exact volume indicated.
To deliver (TD) pipette
pipette for hemoglobin determination
sahli pipette
dispense one volume without further subdivision (self draining )
Transfer pipet
Types of transfer pipette
Volumetric
Oswald-Folin
Pasteur
Automatic
bulb-like enlargement pipette. Self-draining used to transfer aqueous solution.
Volumetric pipets-
bulb closer to the delivery tip. use to transfer biological fluids with greater viscosity than water.
Oswald-Folin pipet-
used to transfer biologic fluid or solution without specified volume. No graduated mark.
Pasteur pipettes-
with graduation mark at the tip and usually blow out.
Serologic pipet
most commonly used in Clinical Chemistry
Automatic pipette-
deliver the amount of liquid contained between two calibration marks.
Measuring or Graduated pipet-
self draining pipet without graduation marks at the tip. Self-draining pipette.
Mohr pipet-
Types of Measuring or Graduated pipette
Mohr
Serologic
Bacteriologic, Ball, Kolmer or Khan
Micropipette
Has 2 close rings mark at the top of the pipette.
Similar with TD pipette.
Blow out
No markings at the top.
Allows the content to dispense by gravity.
Self draining
first micropipette and probably the most accurate ever developed
Lang-Levy Pipets(TC)
most commonly used micropipette
Piston-operated Pipets (TD)
with disposable tips placed on the end and a piston pulls up a calibrated volume
Piston-operated Pipets (TD)
example of Piston-operated Pipets (TD)
Eppendorf
micropipette uses reusable tips
Positive displacement Pipets (TD)
Types of micropipettes
Lang-Levy Pipets(TC)
Piston-operated Pipets (TD)
Positive displacement Pipets (TD)
depends on piston to create a suction draw.
Air Displacement
piston is move within the barrel or tip to create suction.
Positive-displacement
obtain a liquid from a reservoir and dispense it repeatedly.
Dispenser pipette
What method of pipette calibration
based on weight of sample
- TD makes use of water(Type I); TC makes use of mercury
Gravimetric Method
What method of pipette calibration
for micropipets
- use colored compound of known absortivity like 4-nitrophenol
Spectrophotometric Method
What method of pipette calibration
for micropipets
- use gamma-emitting radioisotopes like Iodine-125
Use of Radioisotopes
Calibration of pipette
Twice yearly
Used in the laboratory for monitoring the temp of refrigerator, freezers, water bath, heating blocks and incubator.
Thermometer
Types of thermometer
Total immersion
Partial immersion
Surface immersion
Thermometer should be verified for accuracy ?
6 or 12 months interval
Thermometer used for refrigerators and freezer
Total immersion
Thermometer used for water baths
Partial immersion
Thermometer used for incubator and heating oven.
Surface immersion
Device to accelerate gravitational separation of substances with different densities. Separates solid from liquid suspension.
Clinical centrifuge
Use to separate liquid phase of different densities like the separation of lipid compounds from plasma or serum.
Clinical centrifuge
tubes assume a horizontal plane when rotor is in motion and vertical when at rest.
Capable of speed up to 3000 RPM.
Horizontal head or Swinging bucket
tubes are held at fixed position at angles from 25-40 degrees to the vertical axis of rotation.
Angle head rotor type
more heat generated so with refrigerated chamber
-Typically use in blood banking for the separation of blood components.
- Used to separate lipoproteins in Clinical Chemistry.
Ultracentrifugation
Calibration of Centrifuge
quarterly
designed to reduce potential illness or injuries brought about by toxic chemicals.
Material safety data sheet (MSDS)
Blue quadrant
Health
Red Quadrant
Flammability
Yellow Quadrannt
Reactivity/Stability
White quadrant
Special/Specific information
It is used for alerting personnel of the degree of hazard of the chemical and helpful in drawing attention to storage needs and the necessary emergency equipment needed.
NFPA(national fire protection association) hazard diamond.
Examples of Acids
Formic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, glacial acetic acid
Examples of Bases
NH4OH, KOH, NaOH
Examples of Flammables
Acetone, alcohol, xylene
Examples of Oxidizers
Hydrogen peroxide, KCl, acetic acid
Examples of water-reactive chemicals
Na, K
Class A materials and type of extinguiser
cloth, paper, wood
liquids
Pressurized water
Dry chemicals
Class B materials and type of extinguiser
hydrocarbons, flammable liquids
Dry chemicals, Carbon dioxide foam or halon
Class D materials and type of extinguiser
combustible metal
Leave to professional fire fighter
Class C materials and type of extinguiser
electrical equipment
Dry chemicals Carbon dioxide or Halon
Class K materials and type of extinguiser
Grease, oil and fats
Liquid designed to prevent splashing and cool the fire
RACE
R- rescue the person in danger
A- activate the fire alarm
C- contain the fire
E- extinguish the fire
PASS
P- pull the pin
A- aim at the base of fire
S- squeeze the handle
S- sweeping (side by side motion)
