Introduction to Carbon Compounds Flashcards
Carbon Compounds: Basics
What are Hydrocarbons?
Compounds that are made up of Hydrogen & Carbon
Carbon Compounds: Basics
What is meant by Homologous Series/Family?
When compounds have the same functional group but different carbon chain lengths
Carbon Compounds: Basics
What is a Functional Group?
Most reactive part of any compound
* carries out all reactions
Carbon Compounds: Hydrocarbons
What is meant by the term ‘Saturated Hydrocarbon’?
Compounds that only have single carbon bond
Carbon Compounds: Hydrocarbons
What is the Saturated HC positive test with Br water?
No change
↳ Br water remains orange
Carbon Compounds: Hydrocarbons
What is meant by the term ‘Unsaturated Hydrocarbon’
Compounds that contain at least 1 C=C bond
Carbon Compounds: Hydrocarbons
What is the Unsaturated HC positive test with Br water?
Goes from orange to colourless
↳ C=C bond is broken
Carbon Compounds: Homologous Series
Alkanes
(General Formula)
Carbon Compounds: Homologous Series
Alkenes
(General Formula)
Carbon Compounds: Homologous Seriees
Alcohols
(General Formula)
Carbon Compounds: Homologous Series
Reactivity Increases as you go down
- Alkanes
- Alkenes
- Alcohols
Carbon Compounds: Formulas
What is a Molecular Formula?
Ratio of atoms in an element within a compound
Carbon Compounds: Formulas
What is an Empirical Formula?
Smallest whole number ratio
Carbon Compounds: Formulas
What is a Displayed Formula?
Shows how all the atoms are arranged & all the bonds between them
Carbon Compounds: Formulas
What is a Structural Formula?
Shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon with the attached hydrogens & functional groups
Carbon Compounds: Formulas
What is a Skeletal Formula?
Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only, with any functional groups
Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds
Methane
1
Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds
Ethane
2
Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds
Propane
3
Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds
Butane
4
Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds
Pentane
5
Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds
Hexane
6
Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds
Heptane
7
Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds
Octane
8
Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds
Methyl
Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds
Ethyl
Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds
Propyl
Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds
Butyl
Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds
Duplications
(Used if there’s a duplication of any side group)
- Mono (1)
- Di (2)
- Tri (3)
Carbon Compounds: Organic Reactions
What is an Addition Reaction?
(add 2 things)
The joining of two or more molecules together to form a larger molecule
Carbon Compounds: Organic Reactions
What is a Polymerisation Reaction?
(add with no waste)
Joining together lots of simple molecules to form a giant molecule
Carbon Compounds: Organic Reactions
What is an Elimination Reaction?
(remove)
When a small group of atoms break away from a larger molecule
Carbon Compounds: Organic Reactions
What is a Substitution Reaction?
(swapping)
When one species is replaced by another
Carbon Compounds: Organic Reactions
What is shown in a ‘Reaction’ ?
- Which components react
- Equation
Carbon Compounds: Organic Reactions
What is shown in a ‘Mechanism’ ?
- Movement of electrons
↳ through curly arrows
Carbon Compounds: Reagents in Organic Chemistry
Nucleophile
(electron pair donors)
Something that donates electrons to something else
eg. H is donates electrons to O in OH
Carbon Compounds: Reagents in Organic Chemistry
What are Nucleophiles attracted to?
The C (δ+) in a polar bond
Carbon Compounds: Reagents in Organic Chemistry
What charge are Nucleophiles?
Often negatively charged
↳ contain a lone pair
Carbon Compounds: Reagents in Organic Chemistry
What is an Electrophile?
(electron pair acceptors)
Something that takes electrons from something else
Carbon Compounds: Reagents in Organic Chemistry
What charge are Electrophiles?
Often positively charged (H+)
↳ react w negative ions
Carbon Compounds: Reagets in Organic Chemistry
What is a Radical?
Unpaired electron
Carbon Compounds: Reagents in Organic Chemistry
How reactive are Radicals?
Very reactive
↳ can react w anything
Carbon Compounds:
What are Isomers?
(usually branched)
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure
e.g Butane & 2-Methyl-Propane
Carbon Compounds: Structural Isomerism
What is meant by the term ‘Chain Isomerism’?
When the carbon skeleton could be arranged differently
Carbon Compounds: Structural Isomerism
Name an example of Chain Isomerism
- Butane
- 2 Methyl-Propane
Carbon Compounds: Structural Isomerism
What is meant by the term ‘Positional Isomerism’?
When the functional group could be the same but they’re attached to a different carbon atom
Carbon Compounds: Structural Isomerism
Name an exmaple of Positional Isomerism
- Butan-1-ol
- Butan-2-ol
Carbon Compounds: Structural Isomerism
What is meant by the term ‘Functional Group Isomerism’?
When the same atoms can be arranged into different functional groups
Carbon Compounds: Structural Isomerism
Name an example of Functional Isomerism
- Butanoic Acid
- Methyl Propanoate
Carbon Compounds: Cycloalkanes (Cycle)
What are Cycloalkanes?
Saturated HC that exist as ring structures
Carbon Compounds: Bond Breaking (exo) in Organic Chemistry
What is meant by ‘Homolytic Fission’?
(homo = equal)
Bond breaks evenly, each atom receives 1 electron
↳ 2 radicals are formed
* Radicals wont react w anything else
Carbon Compounds: Bond Breaking (exo) in Organic Chemistry
What is meant by ‘Heterolytic Fission’?
(hetero = different)
Bond breaks unevenly, 1 atom receives both electrons
↳ ions formed
Carbon Compounds: Alkanes are Useful as Fuels
What’s the Complete Combustion of an Alkane?
Carbon Compounds: Alkanes are Useful as Fuels
What’s the Incomplete Combustion of an Alkane?
Carbon Compounds: Harmful Emissions
Name 2 Harmful Emissions
Carbon Monoxide
* Toxic
* Blacksmoke
Sulphur Dioxide + Oxides of Nitrogen
* Acid Rain
Carbon Compounds: Catalytic Converters Remove Pollutants
What do cars have to reduce Car Emissions?
A platinum catalyst to remove particulates
↳ unreactive transition metal
Carbon Compounds: Catalytic Converters Remove Pollutants
How do Catalytic Converters help remove Car Emissions?
Cars have Catalytic Converters that take (NOx) & (COx) & conmvert it to Nitrogen & Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Compounds: Fossil Fuels are Non-Renewable
Name 3 Fossil Fuels used
- Coal
- Oil
- Gas
Carbon Compounds: Fossil Fuels are Non-Renewable
Why do we use Fossil Fuels?
(advantages)
- They’re easily extracted
- Produces lots of heat
Carbon Compounds: Biofuels are made from Renewable sources
Why do we use Biofuels as alternatives to Fossil Fuels?
(advantages)
- They’re made from living matter
- Produce a lot of heat
Carbon Compounds: Biofuels are made from Renewable sources
What is Bioethanol?
Ethanol made by fermantation of sugar
↳ from crops such as maize
Carbon Compounds: Biofuels are made from Renewable Sources
What is Biodiesel?
Refining renewable fats & oil
e.g vegetable oil
Carbon Compounds: Biofuels are made from Renewable sources
What is Biogas?
The breakdown of organic waste matter
Carbon Compounds: Biofuels are made from Renewable sources
Why don’t we use Biofuels as car fuels?
Switching between the two means that car engine would require modification to use high ethanol concentration
↳ lots of crops will be needed to grow for fuels
