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Chemistry > Alcohols > Flashcards

Alcohols Flashcards

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1
Q

Alcohols:

What are Alcohols?

A

Organic mol containing a hydroxl group (OH-)

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2
Q

Alcohols:

What’s the General Formula of an Alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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3
Q

Alcohols:

Why are Alcohols reactive?

A

They’re Polar mol
↳ soluble in water → forms H bonds w water & each other

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4
Q

Alcohols:

What’s the relationship between Carbon Chain Length & Solubility?

A

As C length increases,solubility decreases

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5
Q

Alcohols:

Why’s the relationship between Carbon Chain Length & Solubility?

A

Longer chain = more disruption in making H bonds
↳ solubility decreases

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6
Q

Alcohols:

Why do Alkanes have a lower Bp than Alcohols?

A

Alcohols have a OH functional group
↳ undergoes H bonding : requires more heat to break

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7
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions

What’s the Combustion of an Alcohol?

A

Alcohols burn in oxygen & release carbon dioxide & water

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8
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions

What’s the Equation of the Combustion of an Alcohol?

A

Alcohol + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

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9
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions

What’s the Oxidation of an Alcohol?

A

Alcohols are oxidised by Potassium Dichromate solution (K2Cr2O7) acidified w diluted sulphyruc acid

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10
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions

What’s the Oxidising Agent in the Oxidation of an Alcohol?

A

Potassium Dichromate Solution

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11
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions

What’s the Catalyst in the Oxidation of an Alcohol?

A

Diluted Surphuric Acid

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12
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions

What’s the Dehydration of an Alcohol?

A

Alcohols can lose water to form an alkene in an elimination reaction

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13
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions

How are Halogenoalkanes formed w Alcohols?

A

Alcohols react further w specific reagents

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14
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Chloroalkanes

How are Chloroalkanes formed?

A
  • Alcohol + PCl5
  • Alcohol + HCl
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15
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Chloroalkanes

What’s the Equation for the formation of Chloroalkanes?

(using PCl5)

A
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16
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Chloroalkanes

What’s the Equation for the formation of Chloroalkanes?

(using HCl)

A
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17
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Chloroalkanes

When’s the Reaction w Alcohol & HCl the fastest?

A

When the alcohol is a tertiary structure

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18
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Chloroalkanes

When’s the Reaction w Alcohol & HCl the slowest?

A

When the alcohol is a primary structure

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19
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Bromoalkanes

How are Bromoalkanes formed?

A

Alcohols + 50% KBr & 50% H2SO4

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20
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Bromoalkanes

In what type of Reaction are Bromoalkanes formed?

A

Substitution Reaction

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21
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Bromoalkanes

What happens in this Substitution Reaction?

A

Hydroxl group is replaced by Bromide
↳ alcohol is transformed into a Bromoalkane

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22
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Bromoalkanes

What’s the 1st Step in this Reaction?

A

Potassium Bromide reacts w Sulfuric Acid
↳ forming a Hydrogen Bromide

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23
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Bromoalkanes

What’s the Equation for this 1st Step?

A
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24
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Bromoalkanes

What’s the 2nd Step in this Reaction?

A

Hydrogen Bromide reacts w the Alcohol
↳ forming a Bromoalkane + Water

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25
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Bromoalkanes

What’s the Equation for this 2nd Step?

A
26
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Iodoalkanes

How are Iodoalkanes formed?

A

Alcohol + PI3

27
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Iodoalkanes

What’s PI3?

A

Red Phosphorous & Iodine

28
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Iodoalkanes

Where’s PI3 made?

A

In Situ (within reaction mixture)
↳ refluxing Red Phosphorous & Iodine

29
Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Iodoalkanes

What’s the Equation for the formation Iodoalkanes?

A
30
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols

What are Primary Alcohols oxidised into?

A
  • Aldehydes
  • Carboxylic Acids
31
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols

What are Secondary Alcohols oxidised into?

A
  • Ketones
32
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols

What are Tertiary Alcohols oxidised into?

A

They can’t be oxidised

33
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols, Aldehydes

How would you Identify an Aldehyde?

A

Has a H & alkyl group attached to carbonyl carbon atom

34
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols, Aldehydes

What’s an Example of an Aldehyde?

( ending ‘al’)

A

Propanal

35
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols, Ketones

How would you identify a Ketone?

A

Has 2 alkyl groups attached to carbonyl carbon atom

36
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols, Ketone

What’s an Example of a Ketone?

( ending ‘one’ )

A

Propanone

37
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols

How would u test whether a compound is an Aldehyde or Ketone?

A
  • Benedict’s solution
  • Fehling’s solution
38
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols

What’s the Positive result if solution is heated for an Aldehyde?

A

Goes from blue into a brick-red precipitate
↳ copper (II) ions are reduced to copper (I) oxide

39
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols

What’s the Positive result if a solution is heated for a Ketone?

A

Nothing occurs
↳ Ketones can’t be easily oxidised

40
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols

What’s the Eq for the Oxidation of Primary Alcohols into a Aldehyde & Carboxylic Acid?

A
41
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols

Which Technique is used to Oxidise an Alcohol into an Aldehyde?

A

Distil

42
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols

How would you extract an Aldehyde through Distillation?

A

Use minimal oxidising agent
↳ aldehyde is distilled off immediately
↳ has lower temp than alcohol

43
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols

How would you identify an Aldehyde by Smell?

(colourless)

A

Has ‘apple’ smelling aroma

44
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols

Which Technique is used to Oxidise an Alcohol into a Carboxylic Acid?

A

Reflux

45
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols

How would u extract a Carboxylic Acid throught Refluxing?

A

Heat alcohol vigorously w excess oxiding agent

46
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols

How would you identify a Carboxylic Acid by Smell?

A

Has similar smell to ‘vinegar’

47
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols

What’s the Eq when Oxidising an Alcohol into a Ketone?

A
48
Q

Alcohols: Oxidation of Alcohols

What’s the only way to Oxidise a Tertiary Alcohol?

A

By burning it

49
Q

Alcohols: Dehydration

What happens when an Alcohol is Dehydrated?

A

Alkene formed by eliminating water

50
Q

Alcohols: Dehydration

What are the Reagents/Catalyst for Alcohol Dehydration?

A

Alcohol mixed w Phosphoric acid/ acid catalyst w heat

51
Q

Alcohols: Dehydration

What’s an Example of this reaction?

A
52
Q

Alcohols: Organic Techniques

Which Components are used in Refluxing?

A
  • Condenser
  • Round Bottomed flask
  • Anti-bumping granules
  • Heat
53
Q

Alcohols: Organic Techniques

What’s used as a Heat source in Refluxing? Why?

A

Water Bath
* Safety
* Prevents spitting
* Mixes sample equally

54
Q

Alcohols: Organic Techniques

Which Components are used in Distillation?

A
  • Condenser
  • Heat
55
Q

Alcohols: Organic Techniques

What’s the Heat source used in Distillation? Why?

A

Water Bath
↳ can be set at a specific temp

56
Q

Alcohols: Organic Techniques

What’s the Separation apparatus setup?

A
57
Q

Alcohols: Organic Techniques

What can be used to remove traces of Water from a Mixture?

A

Drying agent/ Anhydrous Salt (solid)

58
Q

Alcohols: Organic Techniques

Which Drying Agents can be used to remove Water traces from a Mixture?

A
  • CaCl2
  • MgSO4
59
Q

Alcohols: Organic Techniques

How do Drying Agents function?

A

Bind to water & become hydrated

60
Q

Alcohols: Organic Techniques

How can a Drying Agent be removed from a Mixture?

A

Filtered
↳ drying agent = top of filter paper as its solid

61
Q

Alcohols: Organic Techniques

How would u Determine the Purity of a compound?

A

Measure its bp
↳ impure has higher/lower bp than recorded value

62
Q

Alcohols: Organic Techniques

Why would a compound be Impure?

A
  • Sample is impure
  • Incorrect sample used

Chemistry (13 decks)

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