Introduction To Bones Flashcards
What is the function of bones?
- Provides a framework
- Stores minerals
- Relies on hormone levels
- reacts to stress by making more bone (gives rise to the bumps and grooves that can be seen )
- e.g. muscles that are increasing in size and strength
- is reabsorbed when no stress is placed on it (bone becomes thinner and more brittle)
- loss of teeth
What are the classification of bones?
Bones can be classified into different types based on their appearance:
- long bones: diaphysis with two epiphysis(humerus)
- Short bones: cuboidal shaped etc. (carpals)
- Flat bones: two layers of compact bone with spongy bone in between (skull bones)
- Pneumatic bones: bones that contain air spaces (mastoid)
Irregular bones: Bones with an irregular space (vertebrae)
Sesamoid: formed in a tendon (patella)
A bone can fit in more than one category
What is the head of the bone?
One of the epiphyses. In most bones this is the most proximal portion (exception e.g., ulna)
What is the tubercle of the bone?
A raised area of bone for muscles attachment
What is the neck of the bone?
The portion that attaches the head of the diaphyses
What is the tuberosity of the bone?
A roughening on bone fir muscle attachment
What is the sulcus/ groove of the bone?
A groove on bone usually associated with a raised area and often has a tendon, nerve or blood vessel traveling through it
What is the epicondyle of the bone?
A rounded/raised area superior to the Condyle
What is the epicondyle ?
A rounded bony protrusion fir articulation
What are the functions of depressions and openings?
Sites allowing the passage of soft tissue (nerves, blood vessels, ligaments, tendons ) or formation of joints
Eg., fissure, foramen, fossa, sulcus, meatus
What are processes of a bone?
Projections or outgrowths on bone that form joints or attachment points for connective tissue, such as ligaments and tendons
Processes that form joints eg. Condyle, facet, head
Processes that form attachment points for connective tissue: eg., crest, epicondyle, line, spinous process, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity
Contrast the subdivision of the skeleton
Axial skeleton- midline bones forming the head, neck and trunk
Appendicular skeleton- bones of the limbs
What is the function of the vertebral column?
Form the central axis round which the other bones of the body are arranged
What are the bones of the called vertebrae?
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 fused sacral (pelvic girdle)
- 4 rudimentary fused coccygeal
These are joined together by intervertebral discs to form a flexible yet stable support (reinforced by ligaments)
What are the typical features of the typical vertebra?
Body
Spinous process
2x transverse processes
2x lamina
2x pedicels
2x superior Articular facets
2x inferior Articular facets
Vertebral canal
What is the uniqueness of the cervical region?
- transverse foramen
- bifid spinous process 3-5
What is unique of the uniqueness of the thoracic vertebrae?
- facets for rib articulations
- long spinous processes
What is the unique of the lumbar region?
- massive body
- mammillary body
Describe the typical rib
Flat bones
-Articulate with body and transverse pr9cess of vertebrae- posteriorly
Articulate with sternum anteriorly via costal cartilage
- True ribs- directly attached to sternum via costal cartilage ( 1-7)
- False ribs- indirectly attached to sternum via costal cartilage of 7th rib (8-10)
- floating ribs- not attached to sternum (11 & 12)
Costal groove contains neurovaascular bundle
Where are the atypical ribs?
Correspond to atypical vertebrae
Major ribs: 1,11-12
What is the sternum(breast bone)?
Flat bone
-Articulate with clavicle and costal cartilages
Describe clavicle
Long bone
Oriented horizontally
Curved
- medial 2/3 convex
- lateral 1/3 concave
Inferior surface is rough due to muscle attachment
Articulates with scapula and sternum
Only connection between the upper limb and trunk
What is a sacrum?
Fused vertebrae
Forms the center point of the pelvic girdle posteriorly
