Introduction to Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the possible progenitors of the hematopoietic stem cell?

A

hemangioblast - differentiates into smooth muscle, angioblasts, and HSCs (previous thought)

hemogenic endothelium - rise adn generate multilineage hematopoietic stem cells in the yolk sac, aorta- gonad-mesonephros region and the placenta (recent thought)

these cells arise in the yolk sac and migrate to sites of definitive hematopoiesis

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2
Q

When and where does hematopoiesis begin?

A

shortly after implantation with the production of primitive red cells in the blood islands of the yolk sac

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3
Q

What is the primary site for hematopoiesis from weeks 6 to 22?

A

liver

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4
Q

What is the main site of hematopoiesis after 22 weeks?

A

bone marrow

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5
Q

cells that colonize the bone marrow

A

first are the myeloid cells followed by the erythroid cells

the first cells to reside in the marrow are not hematopoietic stem cells but are committed progenitor cells with the hematopoietic stem cells establishing residence later

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6
Q

most active marrow sites of hematopoeisis

A

vertebral column, femur, pelvis, fibula/tibia and humerus

marrow produces red cells that are anucleated in contrast to the earlier sites of hematopoeisis

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7
Q

osteoblastic niche

A

quiescent hematopoietic cells with adult HSCs

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8
Q

vascular niche

A

contains stress and reconstitution hematopoetic cells

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9
Q

myeloid/granulocytic precursors

A

identified by the presence of primary granules (myeloperoxidase positive)

specific secondary granules in the more mature cells

secondary granules become more numerous in the cytoplasm with successive rounds of division and maturation

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10
Q

erythoid cells

A

located primarily in “islands” in the interstitial area of the marrow

these cells develop progressively “pinker cytoplasm due to increased levels of hemoglobin

they also develop smaller and smaller nuclei with more condensed chromatin as they mature

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11
Q

polychromatophilic red cells

A

the early circulating red cells that are a bit more “blue” and larger

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12
Q

megakaryocytes

A

large cells with multilobated nuclei

these cells undergo endomitosis

cytoplasm fragments off to become platelets

approximately 1000 platelets are generated per megakaryocytes

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13
Q

lymphocytes

A

develop from hematopoietic stem cells

in contrast to the erythroid, myeloid andgranulocytic cells they are defined immunologically rather than by morphology and cytochemistry

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14
Q

central or primary organs

A

where antigen independent differentiation of lymphocytes into naive or virgin cells occurs

these cells can interact with antigen

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15
Q

peripheral or secondary organs

A

where naive cells interact with antigen and differentiate into proliferating cells and mature into antigen specific effector cells (lymph nodes, spleen mucosa)

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16
Q

plasma

A

what remains in the blood after the cells have been removed

accounts for approximately 50-55% of the blood and contains proteins/amino acids, electrolytes needed for cellular function as well as proteins and glycoproteins

also contains glucose and hormones

>90% water by volume

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17
Q

three broad classes of proteins in plasma

A

carrier proteins, immunoproteins, and coagulation proteins

18
Q

main functions of carrier proteins

A

bind molecules in plasma to decrease nonspecific diffusion into the tissue and/or nonspecific interaction with blood and tissue cells

allow for more specific uptake by cells of specific molecules

diminish toxic effect of certain substances and helps excrete them through localization

maintain the proper pH of the system

19
Q

examples of carrier proteins

A

albumin

lipoproteins

transferrin

transcobalamins

haptoglobin

hemopexin

alpha-1-antiprotease and alpha-2-macroglobulin

ceruloplasmin

20
Q

albumin

A

main plasma protein

accounts for 2/3 of the plasma protein mass

major source of osmotic pressure

carries a veriety of substances such as bile pigments, free fatty acids, and bilirubin

21
Q

lipoproteins

A

transport of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids

22
Q

transferrin

A

transport of iron

23
Q

transcobalamins

A

transport of cobalamins

24
Q

haptoglobin

A

binds hemoglobin following red cell destruction

25
hemopexin
binds free heme from denatured hemoglobin
26
alpha-1-antiprotease and alpha-2-macroglobulin
bind and neutralize proteolytic enzymes released from destroying tissues and phagocytic leukocytes for clearance by macrophages
27
ceruloplasmin
binds copper and detoxifies oxygen-derived free radicals released during inflammation
28
immunoproteins
proteins active in defense and participate with cells in this endeavor includes immunoglobulins and complement proteins
29
coagulation proteins
proteins that maintain the integrity of the vascular system cells and plasma constituents work together to maintain the body's vasculature coagulation factor function is dependent on calcium includes coagulation factors and fibrinolytic factors
30
serum
blood that has had the cells and clot removed
31
erythrocytes
carry oxygen through hemoglobin vary in size (ansiocytosis) or shape (poikilocytosis) circulate in the blood for about 120 days
32
leukocytes
consist of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes platelets are also included in this group
33
neutrophils
monst abundant white cell multilobated and called polymorphonuclear cells important for ingesting and killing bacteria present in peripheral blood for only a few hours
34
eosinophils
have a bilobed nucleus and large, chunky, eosinophilic secondary granules in the cytoplasm important in the defense against parasites and in controlling allergic insults maturation promoted by IL3 and IL5
35
basophils
contain large blod/purple granules in the cytoplasm account for 1% or so of the leukocytes granules are sulfated or carboxylated acidic proteins such as heparin release histamine when properly stimulated
36
monocytes
large cells with blue-gray cytoplasm kidney-shaped or folded nuclei spend less than a day in the circulation migrate to tissues where they transform into macrophages\ important for ingesting mycobacteria, fungi, and macromolecules remove senescent red cells form the pleen
37
lymphocytes
round small cells with scant cytoplasm involved in immune response
38
platelets
cellular components of the coagulation system coagulation and aggregation form platelet plugs participate in the inflammatory response circulate in the blood for 9-10 days
39
progression of hematopoiesis throughout development
yolk-sac aorta-gonad mesonephros (AGM) placenta fetal liver bone marrow
40
stages and characteristics of hematopoiesis
**HSC** - morphologically unrecognizable, self-renewal and multilineage mautration, express CD34 **progenitor cell** - morphologically unrecognizable, may lack self-renewal, irreversible lineage commitment **blast cell** - recognizable, mitotically active, IHC and cytochemical features of lineage **intermeidate cell** - continuum of maturation, progressive loss of mitotic capability, additional lineage specific characteristics **mature cell**