introduction to biostatistics

Question 1

it is a branch of statistics that applies statical methods to a wide range of topics in science (examples)

Answer 1

biostatistics
(biology, medicine, public health)

Question 2

it is a a fundamental discipline at the core of modern health and underpins most key public health research disciplines such as epidemiology and the services research

Answer 2

biostatistics

Question 3

the study of factors that determine the occurrence and distribution of a disease in a population (example)

Answer 3

epidemiology
(prevalent disease in Palawan is malaria
- how many ppl hv immunity against malaria
- how many cases of malaria r there?)

Question 4

briefly explain the 2 types of epidemiology

Answer 4

classical epidem: (population)
studies the distribution and determinates (how) of disease in a population
fr ex: study how many gets the flu each year and how

clinical epidem: (improve care for INDIV patients)
application of principles of epidemiology to clinical med
- patient care
- clinical decision making
= helps doc make btr decision abt diagnosing n treating

Question 5

define
subject:
population:

Answer 5

subject: is anyone/ anything that is the focal point of the study and it is the source of data for the research
population: [totality of the grp] grp of indiv/ items which consists of all possible subjects of interest

Question 6

true or false:
defining the subject/ population is one of the most critical step in research

Answer 6

true

Question 7

the complete set group of individuals, whether that group comprises a nation or a group of people with common characteristics

Answer 7

population

Question 8

what type of questionnaire do you give to the population rather than a sample?

Answer 8

census - answer of the whole population

Question 9

a representative subset of population

Answer 9

sample

Question 10

a process used in which a predetermined number of observations are taken from a larger population

Answer 10

sampling

Question 11

it is a smaller set (or a subset) of the population

Answer 11

sample

Question 12

it is a subset that provides an accurate picture of the whole population

Answer 12

Representative sample

Question 13

explain why the data collection from a sampler may not be 1:1 to the data collected from the population but is very similar to one another

Answer 13

For example:
40 students in the class.
Sir asked whether they wanted asynch or synch. Most said asynch.
Now if Sir gets a sample of 15 students. Majority will still say asynch. Hence, it is not 1:1 but very similar to each other.

Question 14

if only certain members of the population are chosen systematically, this can be misinterpreted

how to avoid that

Answer 14

biased sample

to avoid that, use random sampling to ensure lack of bias

Question 15

what are the strategies for obtaining a random sample

Answer 15

3 pri types:

simple random sampling
stratified random sampling
systematic random sampling

Question 16

each type of random sample requires a list of the population

Answer 16

known as the sampling frame

Question 17

sampling frame (example)

Answer 17

a list of subject from the population which is often assigned a unique number
(class list, student id, taste testing of pastries)

Question 18

the strategies for choosing a random sample depends on…

Answer 18

the research question
how feasible it is to implement the randomization

Question 19

A subset of a statistical population in which each member of the subset has an equal probability of being chosen and is meant to be an unbiased representation of a group.

Answer 19

simple random sample

Question 20

simple random sample
advantage:
disadvantage:

Answer 20

advantage: each subject in the popu has the same chance of being selected

disadvantage: while representative of the popu, may not be reflective of the true popu - difficult to conduct in large sample sizes (Philippines)

Question 21

how do you conduct simple random sampling

Answer 21

through a number generator
each subj is assigned a unique number (identifier) - then it is being drawn/ generated randomly

Question 22

a method of sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller sub-groups known as strata

Answer 22

stratified random sample
stratified - cluster

Question 23

stratified random sample
advantages:
disadvantages:

Answer 23

advantages: more representative of the population due to stratification - less biased

disadvantages: often involves more work in the beginning of the process of segmenting into strata

(CMLS students into their respective years)

Question 24

how do you conduct stratified random sampling

Answer 24

popu are divided into several strata based on overarching traits (location, economic status)
total sample for the study will be representative of the popu as long as the no of subject s r sampled in each strata is proportional to the overall popu size

Question 25

a method for selecting a sample from a population in a randomize manner as to minimize sampling error

Answer 25

systematic random sample

Question 26

systematic random sample
advantage:
disadvantage:

Answer 26

advantage: easy to conduct once sampling frame is ordered and interval no. is selected

disadvantage: prone to bias
- sampling frame is unarranged
- similar characteristics for every 5th subject

Question 27

how do you conduct systematic random sampling

Answer 27

interval no. is selected and will be the basis for the every subject from the popu
random starting point will also e selected which starts the chain of intervals

Question 28

briefly explain the types of variables

Answer 28

categorical: limited to a known certain set of values
count variables: positive, whole numbers
continuous variables: “no natural gaps” - variables that measured instead of counted

Question 29

briefly explain the types of categorical values

Answer 29

“categorical variables that…”
ordinal - different levles/ ordered no matter what
(stages of cancer, birt order, life cycle )

nominal - can be associated to a category but order does not matter
(taste, color, breeds)

dichotomous -only hv 2 lvls
(yes/ no options and gender)

Question 30

which types of variable are discrete and which is not

Answer 30

discrete- categorical and count
not discrete - continuous

discrete: can have in-between values

Question 31

Variables whose potential measures are limited to a known certain set of values. Because only a limited set of values are possible, categorical variables are known as discrete variables.

Answer 31

categorical variables

Question 32

what are the 3 subtypes of Categorical Variables

Answer 32

ordinal
nominal
dichotomous

Question 33

Variables that can take on positive, whole numbers and thus are considered discrete values. In between numbers do not count.

Answer 33

count variables

Question 34

Variables that have only numerical values and have no “natural gaps” between numbers. These are
variables that are measured instead of counted and are best analyzed by multiplying , dividing, adding or subtracting the values.

Answer 34

continuous variables

Question 35

categorical variables is aka

Answer 35

discrete variables