Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

M4: Oral cancer > Introduction to benign and malignant disease > Flashcards

Introduction to benign and malignant disease Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells are not capable of replicating?

A

Terminally differentiated cells (e.g myocytes - muscle cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Quiescent cells

A

In a state or period of inactivity/dormancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What cells are normally quiescent in liver/kidney?

A

Differentiated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the epithelia of the oral cavity, gut, skin.

A

The mature cells are terminally differentiated, short-lived and incapable of replicating but may be replaced by new cells arising from stem cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypertrophy

A

An increase in cell size (physiological or pathological) - seen in muscle skeletal and cardiac.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hyperplasia

A

An increase in cell number (physiological or pathological) - seen in hormonally sensitive organs (endometrium, breast, thyroid etc).

Can be seen through enlargement of gingival tissues, hyperplastic responses within epithelium and underlying connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Atrophy

A

Reduction in cell size by loss of cell substance.

Many causes (physiological (thyroglossal duct) and pathological) - ageing, lack of use/stimulation, mechanical, functional.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Reduced size of an organ that never fully developed to normal size.

A developmental defect.

The only change that is irreversible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Metaplasia

A

The reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type. Can be part of an adaptive response to stress. Reprogramming of stem cells. Examples include Barrett’s oesophagus, bronchus, salivary ducts (sialometaplasia).

Can also affect mesenchymal tissues but not in itself a neoplastic disorder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dysplasia

A

A term used to describe the presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ.

Congenital hip dysplasia, fibrous dysplasia.

Epithelial dysplasia (intraepithelial neoplasia, premalignant change).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neoplasia

A

An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Different degrees of dysplasia

A

Mild, moderate and severe (carcinoma in situ).

The more severe, the more risk of progressing to invasive malignancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In tissue showing dysplasia, at what point does classification go from non-invasive cells to invasive cancer cells?

A

Not invasive when the abnormal cells remain within the epithelium.

Once the abnormal cells breach the basement membrane of the epithelium invade into the underlying and surrounding tissue that they can be referred to as invasive cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
A

Moderate dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
A

Severe dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neoplasia

A

New growth

Abnormal mass of tissue, growth of which exceeds what is normal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What causes neoplasia?

A

Aberration of the normal mechanisms that control cell number (cell production/cell loss).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can be said about the lineage of most tumours?

A

Most tumours are monoclonal i.e all the cells in a tumour appear to arise from one parent cell which has undergone a genetic change. This is then passed on to all the progeny.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Two main ways to define tumours

A

By their 1. Behaviour OR 2. histogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Types of tumour behaviours

A

Benign OR malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Benign tumours

A
  1. Growth pattern: stay localised, well-circumscribed, often encapsulated.
  2. Growth rate: slower
  3. Clinical effects: local pressure effects; hormone secretions
  4. Treatment: local excision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is this?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma; the most common type of benign salivary gland adenoma. Usually found in parotid gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Benign tumours: histology, nuclei and mitoses

A

Histology: resembles tissue of origin

Nuclei: Small, regular, uniform

Mitoses: Few, normal

24
Q
A

Histology of a pleomorphic adenoma: comprises of epithelial and myoepithelial cells set in a loose stroma

25
Q

Malignant tumours

A
  1. Growth pattern: Infiltrate locally, metastasize (spread to distant sites)
  2. Growth rate: faster
  3. Clinical effects: local pressure and destruction, inappropriate hormone secretion, distant metastases
  4. Treatment: excision +/- additional therapy
26
Q

What is shown here?

A

Oral squamous cell carcinoma

27
Q

Malignant tumors: histology, nuclei, mitoses

A

Histology: Variable, many differ from tissue of origin
Nuclei: Larger, pleomorphic
Mitoses: increased, often numerous, abnormal forms

28
Q

Describe the image

A

Oral squamous-cell carcinoma: shows considerable variation and pleomorphism of the nuclei and also abnormal cross form mitotic figures seen in the centre of the image

29
Q

Example of when a benign tumour can progress to become malignant

A

Pleomorphic adenoma (salivary gland benign tumour) if left can progress to become carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (malignant tumor).

30
Q

Tissue: Covering epithelia. Benign AND malignant.

A

Benign: Papilloma
Malignant: Carcinoma

31
Q

Tissue: Glandular epithelia. Benign AND malignant

A

Benign: Adenoma
Malignant: Adenocarcinoma

32
Q

Tissue: Smooth muscle. Benign AND malignant

A

Benign: Leiomyoma
Malignant: Leiomyosarcoma

33
Q

Tissue: Skeletal muscle. Benign AND malignant

A

Benign: Rhabdomyoma
Malignant: Rhabdomyosarcoma

34
Q

Tissue: Bone forming. Benign AND malignant

A

Benign: Osteoma
Malignant: Osteomasarcoma

35
Q

Tissue: Cartilage. Benign AND malignant

A

Benign: Chondroma
Malignant: Chondrosarcoma

36
Q

Tissue: Fibrous. Benign AND malignant

A

Benign: Fibroma
Malignant: Fibrosarcoma

37
Q

Tissue: Blood vessels. Benign AND malignant

A

Benign: (Haem)angioma
Malignant: Angiosarcoma

38
Q

Tissue: Adipose. Benign AND malignant

A

Benign: Lipoma
Malignant: Lipsarcoma

39
Q

Tissue: Lymphoid. Benign AND malignant

A

Benign: None
Malignant: Lymphoma

40
Q

Tissue: Haematopoietic. Benign AND malignant

A

Benign: None
Malignant: Leukaemia

41
Q

Tissue: Primitive nerve cells. Benign AND malignant

A

Benign: Ganglioneuroma
Malignant: Neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma

42
Q

Tissue: Glial cells. Benign AND malignant

A

Benign: None
Malignant: Glioma (e.g astrocytoma)

43
Q

Tissue: Melanocytes. Benign AND malignant

A

Benign: Naevi
Malignant: Malignant melanoma

44
Q

Tissue: Mesothelium. Benign AND malignant

A

Benign: None
Malignant: Mesothelioma

45
Q

Tissue: Germ cells. Benign AND malignant

A

Benign: Teratoma
Malignant: Teratoma, seminoma

46
Q

What’s in this picture?

A

Left: Benign squamous cell papilloma

Right: Malignant melanoma

47
Q

Prognosis

A

Prediction of the probable course and outcome of the disease. Dictates treatment and estimates survival.

48
Q

Factors for cancer prognosis?

A

Type, grade, stage, other parameters (i.e patient/tumour)

49
Q

Why is consideration of tumour type important?

A

Aids knowing patterns of spread of tumour types aiding diagnosis, staging and treatment.

50
Q

Why is tumour grade an important consideration?

A

Involves histological assessment to see how differentiated the tumour cells are. Well differentiated tumours tend to have better prognosis.

51
Q

Tumour staging importance?

A

Anatomical event of disease, major determinant of appropriate treatment and prognosis.

52
Q

What could you refer to help stage tumours?

A

TNM classification of malignant tumours

53
Q

TNM stands for?

A

T - extent of primary TUMOUR (greatest diameter of tumour, structures invaded, depth of invasion)

N - absence or presence and extent of regional lymph NODE metastasis

M - describes the absence or presence of distant METASTASIS.

54
Q

T1N0M0 vs T4N2M1 stage?

A

T1N0M0 much lower stage tumour

55
Q

Pathological staging code example..

M4: Oral cancer (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions