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Microbiology Prelim > Introduction to Bacteriology and Microbial Cell Structure > Flashcards

Introduction to Bacteriology and Microbial Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

CLEANING

A

• Cleaning or (to clean) is the mechanical process
(scrubbing) using soap and water or detergent
and water to remove all visible dirt, debris, and
many disease-causing germs from tools,
implements, and equipment.

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2
Q

SANITATION

A

• To sanitize is a chemical process for reducing the
number of disease-causing germs on cleaned
surfaces to a safe level.

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3
Q

DISINFECTION

A

• To disinfect is a chemical process that uses specific products to destroy harmful organisms (except for bacterial spores) on environmental surfaces.

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4
Q

STERILIZATION

A

• To sterilize is the process that completely

destroys all microbial life, including spores.

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5
Q

Bacteriology –

A

The science that deals with the
study of Micro-organisms called Bacteria.
• The science of bacteria, the causative agents of a
member of infectious diseases

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6
Q

TYPES OF BACTERIA

A
  1. Non-Pathogenic

2. Pathogenic

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7
Q

NON-PATHOGENIC

A

Beneficial or harmless; Most Numerous
• Useful functions - decompose refuse, improve
some conditions
• Belong to saprophyte group – require dead matter
for growth (a type of nonpathogenic bacteria that
causes dead organic matter to decay thus helps
enrich the soil.
• Some cultures (acidophilus) are used to make
yogurt and some cheese, bacteria in yeast cause
bread to rise and other bacteria create the alcohol
in wine.
• Stimulates immune response
• Helps metabolize food
• Some cultures are used to produce penicillin
• Special types of milk used for gastrointestinal
disorders
• Protects against infection

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8
Q

PATHOGENIC

A

Pathogenic Bacteria (germs or microbes) are harmful microorganismpokops, and although in the minority, they can cause disease or infection in humans when they invade the body, plant or animal tissue.

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9
Q

BLOOD

BORNE PATHOGENS.

A

Disease-causing bacteria or viruses that are
carried through the body in the blood or bodily
• Fluids like HIV and hepatitis

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10
Q

COCCI –

A 
round shaped organism, appear in
groups or singularly. There are 3 forms of cocci
bacteria:
• Staphylococci or Staph
o Pus Forming
o Grow in bunches or clusters like
grapes
o Generally Produce LOCAL INFECTIONS
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11
Q

Streptococci

A

o Pus Forming

o Grow in chains

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12
Q

Diplococci

A

o Grow in PAIRS

o Causes bacterial Pneumonia

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13
Q

BACILLA –

A 
short rod-shaped organism (Short,
Thin, Thick)
• most common
• Produce Diseases such as
Influenza(Flu), Tetanus(Lockjaw),
Typhoid Fever, Leprosy, Tuberculosis,
Diphtheria
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14
Q

SPIRILLA – Corkscrew or Spiral Shaped

organisms

A 
o Subdivided into many groups
a) Most common – Treponema Pallida
which causes syphilis
b) Borrelia burgdorferi which causes
Lyme disease (caused by ticks)
c) Cholera
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15
Q

MOVEMENT OF BACTERIA

A

Different bacteria move in different ways: either by
self-movement (motility) or by use of flagella or
cilia

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16
Q

COCCI BACTERIA are transmitted in the air, in

A

dust or within the substance in which they settle,

they do not have motility/ self-movement.

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17
Q

Bacilli and spirilla are both capable of

movement

A

use flagella or cilia (slender,

hairlike, whip=-like extensions).

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18
Q

how do Flagella and Cilia differ?

A

Flagella- longer, snake-like

Cilia- small, rowing motion

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19
Q

ACTIVE OR VEGETATIVE STATE

A

Grow and Reproduce
1. Conditions are considered to be favorable for
growth when conditions are: dark, dirty, damp
and warm bacteria will grow and multiply.

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20
Q

how long does it take for a typical bacterium to differentiate?

A 
This division happens as often as every 20
minutes. (up to 16 million in ½)
o That is why some bacteria are used
for bio-terrorism because the rate of
reproduction of bacteria is very fast
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21
Q

INACTIVE (SPORE FORMING STAGE)

A 
When favorable conditions cease to exist (dry,
bright, clean)
o Bacteria die and/or cease to multiply
o Certain bacilli such as anthrax and
tetanus bacilli coat themselves with a
hard waxy outer covering called a spore
which can withstand long periods of
famine, dryness and unsuitable
temperatures. The spores are not harmed
by disinfectants, extreme heat (water
boils at 212 F., extreme cold (liquid
helium freezes at 507 F., chemicals or
sunlight.
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22
Q

What is the only way to kill spores?

A

Only sterilization can kill

bacterial spores.

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23
Q

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

A

An INFECTION occurs when body tissues are
invaded by disease-causing Or pathogenic
bacteria.
• There can be no bacterial infection without the
Presence of pathogenic bacteria
Pus is a sign of a bacterial infection. So, if bacteria
are eliminated, then clients cannot become infected

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24
Q

How do you know if the infection is of Pseudomonas?

A

when the pus is blue in color

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25
Q

LOCAL INFECTION

A

• Limited to one area (ex: pimple, abscess and
boils).
• Staphylococci (staph) most common human
bacteria, carried by about 1/3 of the population.
Can be picked up on doorknobs and other
surfaces, shaking hands and unclean
implements.
• Responsible for food poisoning and toxic Shock
syndrome.

26
Q

GENERAL INFECTION

A

• Spreads throughout the body through the bloodstream (ex. Blood poisoning and syphilis)

27
Q

what are the various causes of infection?

A 
o Unclean hands, instruments, open sores
& pus, mouth & nose discharge, using
and sharing of towels, drinking cups,
uncovered coughing, sneezing, and
spitting in public.
o Enter the body through the mouth, eyes,
nose, breaks or wounds in the skin
o Contagious or communicable – Disease
spreading from one person to another by
direct or indirect contact.
§ Best control is ISOLATION and
HYGIENE
28
Q

UNBROKEN SKIN

A

• First line of defense
Healthy person’s body secretions such as perspiration and digestive juices
discourage bacterial growth

29
Q

BLOODSTREAM

A
  • White corpuscle to devour bacteria

* Antitoxins to counteract toxins caused by bacteria

30
Q

HUMAN DISEASE CARRIER

A

• Immune
o An individual who is personally immune to disease, yet carries the germ that can
infect other people (ex. Typhoid fever)

31
Q

METHODS OF DECONTAMINATION

A 
• Method #1
o Cleaning first (sanitation or sanitizing)
o Then disinfecting with an appropriate
EPA registered disinfectant (most often
used is Lysol/chloric oxide/sodium
hypochlorite)
• Method #2
o Cleaning then sterilization
o Sterilization is the process that
completely destroys all microbial life,
including spores
o This method destroys all microbes and
spores through heat and pressure in an
autoclave
32
Q

Wet disinfection containers

A

A. Barbicide jars
• Glass –barbicide disinfectant
• Used for combs

33
Q

Disinfection tray

A
  • Hard plastic-barbicide disinfectant

* Used for nail implements

34
Q

Disinfection container

A 
• Nonmetal, large, deep enough to keep
implements completely submerged
• Must have a closeable cover
• Ship shape disinfectant
• Used for brushes, perm rods, rollers, combs
35
Q

DRY DISINFECTION CONTAINER

A

AIRTIGHT CABINET OR DRAWER THAT HAS A CHEMICAL AGENT IN IT.

• Station with Steri-dry fumigant

36
Q

ULTRAVIOLET RAY DRY DISINFECTION

CONTAINER

A 
• Uses UV ray bulbs that have a germicidal
effect
o Meaning they kill most bacteria and
some viruses,
o Also dries the implements in it:
brushes, rollers, pw rods, combs, etc.
37
Q

What are antiseptics?

A

Are chemical germicides formulated for use
on the skin and are registered and regulated
by the FDA.

38
Q

which type of antiseptics is less drying to the skin?

A

Benzalkonium

39
Q

where should you NOT use antiseptics?

A

Instruments and other surfaces

40
Q

How should one deal with an exposure event?

A

CONTACT WITH BLOOD OR BODY FLUID
• An EXPOSURE INCIDENT is contact with nonintact (broken) skin, blood, body fluids or other
potentially infectious materials that is the result of
the performance of an employee’s duties.
• Never attempt to clean or disinfect any used tool
or implement at your workstation.
• Proper cleaning and disinfecting should only be
accomplished in a specified area of the salon and
requires the use of clean, warm running water, a
scrub brush, and liquid soap for cleaning and
disinfectant solution for disinfecting.

41
Q

Bright-field microscopy

A

• Differences in the contrast between specimen and surrounding medium

42
Q

Phase-contrast microscopy

A

• Differences in phases of light depending on the property of structure it passes

43
Q

Darkfield microscopy

A

• Light reaches the specimen from the sides

44
Q

Fluorescence Microscopy

A

specimens that are fluorescent

45
Q

Those that do not naturally fluoresce maybe stained with a group of fluorescent dyes called

A

fluorochromes.

46
Q

Flourosecne Microscopy is used for which microorganism?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

47
Q

immunofluorescence.

A 
In this technique, specific antibodies (eg,
antibodies to Legionella pneumophila)
are chemically labeled with a
fluorochrome such as fluorescein
isothiocyanate (FITC)
48
Q

Electron microscope

A

The high resolving power of electron microscopes
has enabled scientists to observe the detailed
structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
• The superior resolution of the electron microscope
is due to the fact that electrons have a much
shorter wavelength than the photons of white light.
• An important technique in electron microscopy is
the use of “shadowing.”

49
Q

Other important techniques in electron
microscopy include the use of ultrathin sections of
embedded material

A 
A method of freeze-drying specimens that
prevents the distortion caused by
conventional drying procedures, and the
use of negative staining with an electrondense material such as phosphotungstic
acid or uranyl salts.
o Without these heavy metal salts, there
would not be enough contrast to detect
the details of the specimen.
50
Q

TEM

A

Response to electrons fired by an electron gun
• They give a ray of electrons to the specimen by
firing it with an electron gun and they will see the
response
• Was the first to be developed
• Uses a beam of electrons focused by an
electromagnetic condenser lens onto a thin
specimen.

51
Q

What is the resolving power of TEM microscopy?

A

TEM can resolve particles 0.001 μm apart.
Viruses with diameters of 0.01–0.2 μm can be
easily resolved.

52
Q

What are classified as Gram-positive and Gram-negative?

A

Most bacteria are classified as gram-positive or gram
negative according to their response to the Gram staining procedure.
• This procedure was named for the histologist Hans
Christian Gram, who developed this differential staining
procedure in an attempt to stain bacteria in infected
tissues.
• The Gram stain depends on the ability of certain bacteria
(the gram-positive bacteria) to retain a complex of crystal
violet (a purple dye) and iodine after a brief wash with
alcohol or acetone

53
Q

Gram-Positive

A 
• Thick layer (20-80nm)
• Main composition:
o Teichoic, teichuronic acids that hold
layers together (50% dry weight of
wall, 10% of the cell)
§ The teichoic acids constitute
major surface antigens of those
gram-positive species that
possess them, and their
accessibility to antibodies has
been taken as evidence that
they lie on the outside surface of
the peptidoglycan.
§ In the pneumococcus
(Streptococcus pneumonia),
the teichoic acids bear the
antigenic determinants called
Forssman antigen.
54
Q

Gram-negative

A 
• Thin layer (2nm)
o Outer membrane (bilayered
structure, inner part similar with cell
membrane, outer part has
lipopolysaccharide (LPS))
o What is unique is that it has
lipopolysaccharide on the outer part
o The ability of the outer membrane to
exclude hydrophobic molecules is an
unusual feature among biologic
membranes and serves to protect the
cell (in the case of enteric bacteria)
from deleterious substances such as
bile salts. Because of its lipid nature,
the outer membrane would be
expected to exclude hydrophilic
molecules as well.
55
Q

Porins

A 
o special channels capable of doing
passive diffusion of LMW hydrophilic
compounds
o Large antibiotic molecules penetrate
the outer membrane relatively slowly,
which accounts for the relatively high
antibiotic resistance of gram-negative
bacteria.
56
Q

Special molecule LPS

A 
o Made up of lipid A and core
o Antigenic site, endotoxin
o LPS is synthesized on the
cytoplasmic membrane and
transported to its final exterior
position.
o The presence of LPS is required for
the function of many outer membranes
proteins.
57
Q

What is the toxigenic determinant of G -ve?

A

Lipopolysaccharide is a
toxigenic determinant of
gram-negative

58
Q

Lipoprotein

A 
o Combination of lipid and protein
o Stabilizes outer membrane
o Lipoprotein is numerically the most
abundant protein of gram-negative
cells (ca 700,000 molecules per cell)
59
Q

MYCOBATERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

A 
Cell wall with large amount of waxes, resistant to
harsh chemicals (mycolic acid)
• Acid fast bacilli
o Cannot be reacted upon by the normal
gram stain, you have to use other
components
o Dye introduced into these cells by heating
or treatment with detergent, cannot be
removed by dilute HCL
60
Q

site of action of penicillin

A 
o Acts on the cell wall; that’s why some
bacteria don’t have a cell wall so that
antimicrobial agents cannot act on them,
that’s the defense mechanism of the
bacteria
61
Q

example of a wall-less bacterium

A

pneumococcus, Neisseria, Anthrax

Microbiology Prelim (7 decks)

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