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Microbiology Prelim > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

Fungi are

A

Eukar and heterotrophic

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2
Q

Nomenclature

A

Mycota- mycetes- ales-acea

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3
Q

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

A

● Unlike animals, most fungi are nonmotile and
possess a rigid cell wall.
● Unlike plants, fungi are non photosynthetic
● Approximately 80,000 species of fungi but fewer
than 400 are medically important and less than
50 species of fungi cause more than 90% of
fungal infections of humans and other animals.
● Has at least one nucleus with nuclear membrane,
ER, mitochondria & secretory apparatus.
● Most are obligate or facultative aerobes
● They are chemotropic; secreting enzymes that
degrade organic substrates into soluble nutrients
passively taken into the cell by active transport.

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4
Q

Fungal infections are

A

mycoses

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5
Q

yeast

A

● Baking

● Brewing

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6
Q

antibiotics

A

● Penicillin
● Cephalosporin
Cyclosporin

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7
Q

foods

A

● Cheeses
● Blue
● Roquefort

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8
Q

steroids

A

● Hormones (reproductive)

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9
Q

experimental

A

● Metabolic studies

● Pathway studies

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10
Q

BIOREMEDIATION

A

● The use of some microorganisms to correct
mistakes in the environment

● Furthermore, in comparison with eight other
genera, aspergillus and penicillium species were
the most efficient metaboliser of hydrocarbons.
● Cyanide in mining operations

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11
Q

Oil spills:

A

Mucorales and Monilales, as well as in
the genera aspergillus and penicillin (order
eurotiales).

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12
Q

BAD EFFECTS OF THE FUNGI

A 
● Destruction/Damages
● Food spoilage
● Crop destruction (photo pathogens) e.g
strawberry roasts.
● Diseases - Harmful effects
● Destruction of wood and other part of the body
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13
Q

HYPERSENSITIVITY

A

An allergic reaction to molds and spores

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14
Q

Farmer’s lung-

A

moldy hay

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15
Q

Malt worker’s disease-

A

moldy barley

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16
Q

Cheese washer’s lung-

A

moldy cheese

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17
Q

Wood trimmer’s disease-

A

moldy wood

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18
Q

MYCOTOXICOSES

A

Poisoning of man and animals by food products
contaminated by fungi which produce toxins from
the grain substance
● Copra may also be devastated by the myecitus
group

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19
Q

MYCETISMUS

A

● The ingestion of toxins (amanita mushroom
poisoning)
● Not all mushrooms (biggest fungus) are edible

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20
Q

INFECTION

A

● Tissue invasion with a host response
● Diseases caused by fungi are referred to as the
mycoses

21
Q

Tinea Nigra (Superficial)

A 
○ Tinea nigra (or tinea nigra palmaris) is a
superficial chronic and asymptomatic
infection of the stratum corneum caused
by the dematiaceous fungus Hortaea
(Exophiala) werneckii.
○ The lesions appear as a dark (brown to
black) discoloration, often on the palm.
○ Microscopic examination of skin
scrapings from the periphery of the lesion
will reveal branched, septate hyphae and
budding yeast cells with melanized cell
walls.
22
Q

Pityriasis versicolor (Superficial)

A 
○ Pityriasis versicolor is a highly prevalent,
chronic superficial infection of the
stratum corneum caused by species of
the lipophilic yeast, Malassezia.
○ Mainly caused by the organism
Malassezia furfur; the reaction of the
melanocytes from the sun will be
protected producing a whitish color if the
person has brown skin; if the person has
white skin, the area will be darker than
the normal skin
○ The infection is characterized by
discrete, serpentine, hyper- or hypo
pigmented maculae that develop on the
skin, usually on the chest, upper back,
arms, or abdomen. These patches of
discolored skin may enlarge and
coalesce, but scaling, inflammation, and
irrita- tion are minimal.
23
Q

Black Piedra (Superficial)

A

a nodular infection of the hair shaft

caused by Piedraia hortae

24
Q

White Piedra (Superficial)

A

due to infection with Trichosporon
species, presents as larger, softer,
yellowish nodules on the hairs

25
Q

Athlete’s foot (Cut)

A

(TineaPedis

26
Q

Ringworm (Cuta)

A

Tinea corporis

27
Q

Dermatophytosis (Cuta)

A

Organism/s involved: Microsporum spp,
Trichophyton spp & Epidermophyton
floccosu

28
Q

Candidias (cuta)

A

○ Organism involved: Candida albicans &

other speci

29
Q

SPOROTRICHOS (SubQ)

A

○ Sporothrix schenckii is a thermally
dimorphic fungus that lives on vegetation

○ S. schenckii are introduced into the skin
by trauma and cause sporotrichosis, a
chronic granulomatous infectio

30
Q

● Mycetomas (SubQ)

A 
○ chronic subcutaneous infection induced
by traumatic inoculation with any of
several saprophytic species of fungi or
actinomycetous bacteria that are
normally found in soil.
○ The clinical features defining mycetoma
are local swelling of the infected tissue
and interconnecting, often draining,
sinuses or fistulae that contain granules,
which are microcolonies of the agent
embedded in tissue material.
○ An actinomycetoma is a mycetoma
caused by an actinomycete; a
eumycetoma (maduromycosis, Madura
foot) is a mycetoma caused by a fung
31
Q

Chromoblastomycosis and

Phaeohyphomycosisv(SubQ)

A 
similar diseases resulting from infection
with dark-pigmented fungi.
○ Both are acquired by traumatic
introduction of fungi into the skin.
○ Lesions may be extensive and can
spread internally.
○ The two diseases are distinguished by
differences in fungal morphology in
tissue sections.
32
Q

Histoplasmosis (Systemic)

A 
○ Histoplasma capsulatum, which causes
histoplasmosis, is associated primarily
with bat and bird droppings in soil in the
Ohio River valley.
○ Generally, histoplasmosis is an
occupationally acquired disease, but
recreational exposure does occur. H.
capsulatum can be carried from the lungs
inside macrophages
33
Q

Blastomycosis (Systemic)

A 
○ caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis,
which normally lives in soil rich in organic
material.
○ B. dermatitidis almost always spreads
beyond the lungs to produce cutaneous
lesions.
34
Q

Coccidioidomycosis (Systemic)

A 
Coccidioides immitis, which is limited to
deserts, causes coccidioidomycosis,
which is common in AIDS patients.
○ Contaminated dust is a major source of
transmission.
35
Q

Paracoccidioidomycosis (Systemic)

A 
○ Paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes
paracoccidioidomycosis.
○ Following a pulmonary phase, the fungus
spreads and creates permanently
disfiguring lesions on the face and neck
36
Q

Oral candidiasis or thrush (opportunistic)

A 
○ Commonly seen on patients with acute
immunodeficiency
○ Classified by:
○ Lungs = caused by true pathogenic fungi
○ Other organ systems = caused by
saprophytes
37
Q

PATHOGENIC FUNGI

A
  1. NORMAL HOST
    ● Systemic pathogens = 25 species
    ● Cutaneous pathogens = 33 species
    ● Subcutaneous pathogens = 10 species
  2. IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST
    ● Opportunistic fungi = 300 species
38
Q

SEVERITY

A

● In general, the severity of mycotic infections
depends more on the host immune system than
on the virulence of the fungus.
● Fungi, in general, do not have very specific
virulence factors,except for some.

39
Q

SPECIES

A

100,000 – 200,000 species
● About 300 are known to be pathogenic to man
● Earth is a moldy earth
● Most of them are soil saprophytes

40
Q

CHARACTERISTICS

A 
● Chemoheterotrophs (requires organic
compounds for energy and a carbon source)
● Mainly terrestrial
● Lack Chlorophyll
○ Dark habitats
● Spore bearing
○ Reproduce sexually or asexually
● Thallus body
○ Collection or mass of the organism
○ Mass of hyphae
41
Q

Cell wall =

A

chitin, glucan

42
Q

Cell membrane

A

ergosterol

43
Q

Nucleus

A

○ Membrane bound

○ Diploid chromosome

44
Q

Cytoplasm

A

○ Similar to plants
○ Differential ribosomal synthesis
○ Different microtubule protein

45
Q

Reproduction

A

○ Sexually (meiotic)

○ Asexually (mitotic)

46
Q

Mode of nutrition

A 
Heterotrophs
■ saprotrophs - dead organisms
or their wastes (dung)
■ parasites - living cells of other
fungi, plants or animals
47
Q

Molds

A

● Made of long filaments called hyphae
● Hyphal or mycelial colony or form of growth
● You see in culture “cotton-like” and “leathery-like”

48
Q

Yeast

A

Are non-filamentous unicellular fungi that are oval
or spherical in shape
● Unicellular, spherical to ellipsoid (3-15um) fungal
cells that usually reproduce by budding
● In some fungi, the two forms exist. Fungi, which
remain as molds, are monomorphic molds
while yeasts, which remain as yeasts are
monomorphic yeasts.
● Most molds grow at room temperature (30 to 35).
Generally, in the mold phase,if the organism
enters the body, they will change into the yeast

Microbiology Prelim (7 decks)

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