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BACTERIOLOGY > INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q
  • Smallest microbial group.
  • Neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
  • Prions are not cells, but rather infectious agents (proteins).
    For this protein to infect you, a precursor is needed to manifest its infectious form
  • Example: Kuru. It is associated with prion mediated infection
    that infects the brain (CNS).
A

PRIONS

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2
Q
  • Neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic
  • Viruses are not cells, but rather they are nucleic acids.
  • A virus can either be an RNA or DNA infectious agent (but it
    can never be both).
A

VIRUSES

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cell (it only has a single and identical cell).

A

BACTERIA

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4
Q

Eukaryotic cell (made up of many cells).

A

FUNGI

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5
Q
  • Largest microbial group
  • Eukaryotic cell.
A

PARASITES

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6
Q
  • Lack of true nucleus
  • DNA is bound by the
    cytoplasm. The nucleoid
    region is scattered in the
    cytoplasm.
  • 10 times smaller than
    Eukaryotic cells
  • Size: 0.1-10 microns
A

Prokaryotes

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7
Q
  • Has a true nucleus
  • DNA, chromatin, and
    significant markers for
    replication are bound by the
    nuclear membrane.
  • DNA is present inside the
    nuclear membrane
  • Size: 10-100 microns
A

Eukaryotes

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8
Q

round-shaped bacteria.

A

COCCUS

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9
Q

Elongated and rod-shaped bacteria
- It is not found in clusters and they never tend to form in clusters

A

BACILLUS

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10
Q

Lengthy but with curvatures
- Called as spirochetes.
* Example: Treponema Pallidum is a microbe that causes syphilis.

A

SPIRAL

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11
Q
  • If the organism is not identified to any of the morphology, it is pleomorphic.

Shape: Many forms of shape of the organism.

A

PLEOMORPHIC

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12
Q

Round-elongated bacteria.

A

COCCOBACILLI

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13
Q

Devised by Hans Christian Gram
- It has four (4) different reagents:
o Two of which are dyes (Crystal violet &
Safranin)
o One is a dye enhancer (Iodine)
o One is a decolorizer (Alcohol)

A

GRAM STAIN

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14
Q

dye enhancer

A

Iodine

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15
Q

a decolorizer

A

Alcohol

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16
Q

GRAM STAIN REAGENTS

A
  • Crystal Violet (Primary Dye)
  • Gram’s Iodine (Mordant)
  • Alcohol/Acetone
    (Decolorizer)
  • Safranin (Counterstain)
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17
Q

Primary Dye
- It stains the cell wall of the
organism

A

Crystal Violet

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18
Q

Mordant
- Enhances the affinity of the
primary stain (Crystal Stain)

A

Gram’s Iodine

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19
Q

Decolorizer
- Decolorize the primary stain

A

Alcohol/Acetone

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20
Q

Counterstain
- It will counter the attachment
or affinity to the cell of the
organism.

A

Safranin

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21
Q
  • The primary stain needs to be removed because if the organism is not gram positive, when you add the decolorizer, the crystal violet gram’s iodine complex will be easily washed out, leaving the cell wall unstained.
A

Alcohol

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22
Q

DIFFERENTIAL STAINING
* Any staining method that has a decolorizer component of the
procedure.
* It is because you are differentiating one organism from the
other.

A

REGRESSIVE STAINING

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23
Q
  • If an organism is a gram-positive bacterium, crystal violet will remain after the procedure of gram staining.
  • It will not allow Safranin to stain.
  • Color: Purple to Blue
A

GRAM POSITIVE

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24
Q
  • If an organism is gram-negative bacteria, the crystal violet iodine complex is removed by the alcohol/acetone allowing
    the entry of safranin.
  • Color: Pink to Red (because Safranin is known as red/pink
    dye).
A

GRAM NEGATIVE

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25
Q

All cocci are Gram Positive (+) Except

A

o Neisseria
o Moraxella
o Veillonella

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26
Q
  • All bacilli are Gram Negative (-) Except:
A

o Mycobacterium
o Corynebacterium
o Bacillus
o Clostridium
o Actinomyces
o Streptomyces

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27
Q

o Erysipelothrix
o Listeria
o Nocardia
o -bacterium (Bifido-, Propioni, Eu-, Arcano-)

A

Less common bacilli

28
Q

Neisseria, Moraxella and Veillonella

A

Gram-negative
bacteria.

29
Q

In gram staining, we are staining the cell wall or______ of an organism.

A

peptidoglycan

30
Q

implies that the cell wall is thicker. (kaya mas nareretain yung stain)

A

Gram positive

31
Q

implies that the cell wall is
thinner. (kaya easily washed out yung
primary dye)

A

Gram negative

32
Q
  • Gram: Both gram Positive (+) & Negative (-)
  • Chemical composition: Polysaccharide gel
  • Function:
    o Pathogenicity/Virulence factor
    o Protect against Phagocytosis until
    Opsonized
    o Immunogenic
  • A microorganism that possesses the capsule is very difficult to kill by a phagocyte.
A

CAPSULE (SLIME LAYER OR GLYCOCALYX)

33
Q

Normally, a bacterium without a cell wall lies upon the rupture of this WBC. WBC has its Lytic enzyme in it, and it will be activated later on so it will eliminate the ingested bacteria.

A

Bacteria without a Capsule

34
Q

They escape this process wherein the capsule serves as a shield for this microorganism. Later on, when the phagocyte bursts, they can still survive and still penetrate the body systems,
causing infection.

A

Bacteria with a Capsule

35
Q
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Cryptococcus neoformans - This is not a bacteria (it is a
    fungi).
A

MICROORGANISMS THAT HAVE CAPSULE

36
Q

These microorganisms have capsules (made up of polysaccharide gel) that can cause a severe infection because they can resist phagocytosis.

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Cryptococcus neoformans - This is not a bacteria (it is a
    fungi).
37
Q

Poly D-glutamate capsule

A

Bacillus anthracis

38
Q

Meningeal strains have
capsule, mostly K1

A

Escherichia coli

39
Q

(virulence) capsular antigen

A

Salmonella typhi

40
Q

When first isolated; nonimmunogenic (but antiphagocytic) hyaluronic acid
capsule

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

41
Q
  • Gram: Gram Negative (-) only
  • Chemical composition Phospholipid/proteins:
    o Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
    o Lipid A
    o Polysaccharide
    Function: Hydrophobic Membrane
    o LPS - endotoxin
    o Lipid A - Toxic moiety
    o PS (Polysaccharide Gel) =
    Immunogenic
    = are found in GRAM NEGATIVE microbes/bacteria
A

OUTER MEMBRANE (MAJOR PERMEABILITY BARRIER)

42
Q
  • Gram: Gram positive (+) = Thick cell wall; Gram negative (-)
    = Thin cell wall.
    o Found in all free-living bacteria EXCEPT in
    Mycoplasma It is a → wall-less bacteria; No peptidoglycan layer.

Chemical composition: Peptidoglycan; polymer of peptides (typically 4 amino acids long, cross-linked to other chains)
and glycans (made of alternating amino sugars).

o Sugars found in peptidoglycan:
▪ 1. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG).
▪ 2. N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM).

FUNCTION: * Rigid support, cell shape, protection from osmotic damage, confer Gram reaction

A

CELL WALL (PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER)

43
Q
  • Gram: Acid-fast organism only
  • Chemical composition: Mycolic acids
  • Function:
    o Acid fastness
    o Resistance to drying and chemicals.
A

CELL WALL

44
Q

they have a cell wall with a Mycolic
acid layer.

resist drying and chemicals.

A

Acid-fast organisms

45
Q

Made up of a long chain of fatty acids that
makes them very difficult to stain. Hence, a method has been made (aside from gram-staining) to show acid-fast microbes
called Acid-fast staining method

A

Mycolic acids

46
Q

ALL ORGANISMS ARE NON-ACID FAST EXCEPT:

A
  • Cryptosporidium sp.
  • Legionella micdadei
  • Isospora sp.
  • Mycobacterium sp.
  • Nocardia sp
47
Q

______ are gram-positive but these two contain mycolic acids. In other books, these two
organisms are labeled as ‘gram-positive or gram-variable’ organisms because of the acid-fast.

A

Mycobacterium sp. and Nocardia sp.

48
Q

Because they are difficult to stain, they are known as ______ (alanganin maging → purple alanganin maging
red/pink.)

A

Gram variable

49
Q

an example of a differential stain similar
to gram staining.

A

Acid fast staining

50
Q
  • Gram: Gram negative (-) ONLY
  • Chemical composition: “Storage space” between the inner
    and outer membranes (lumen)
  • Function:
    o Stores degradative enzymes which
    break down large molecules; (β-
    lactamases).
    o Aids in regulation of osmolarity.
A

PERIPLASMIC SPACE

51
Q

an enzyme capable of destroying the betalactam ring of an antibiotic (especially beta-lactam).

A

Β-lactamases

52
Q
  • Because gram-negative bacteria have a space na may degradative enzyme wherein when it meets a beta-lactam
    antibiotic, the beta lactamase stored in here will destroy the beta lactam ring.
  • When the beta-lactam ring of an antibiotic is destroyed, the
    antibiotic will no longer be effective
A

INEFFECTIVITY IN KILLING A MICROBE

53
Q
  • Spheroplasts - Gram Positive (+) OM
  • Protoplasts - Gram Negative (-) OM; Spherical shape
  • Both of these refer to the altered form of a plant or bacterial
    cell from which has been partially or completely removed.
A

WALL-LESS FORMS OF BACTERIA

54
Q

Both of these refer to the altered form of a plant or bacterial cell from which has been partially or completely removed.

A

Spheroplasts and Protoplasts

55
Q
  • Gram: Both gram positive (+) and gram negative (-)
  • Chemical composition: Phospholipid bilayer with many
    embedded proteins.
  • Functions:
    o Energy metabolism occurs here
    o Hydrophobic cell “sack”
    o Selective permeability and active
    transport
A

CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

56
Q
  • Gram; Primarily gram negative (-)
  • Chemical composition: Glycoprotein (pilin)
  • Function: Adherence to cell surfaces (common), including
    attachments to other bacteria during conjugation (Sex).
A

PILUS/FIMBRIA

57
Q

for conjugation (genetic transfer from one organism to another).

A

Sex pili

58
Q

contains a DNA that is
resistant to antibiotics.

A

male genetic donor

59
Q

non-resistant to any antibiotic

A

female
genetic recipient

60
Q
  • Gram:
    o Flagellum: Both gram positive (+)
    and negative
    (-)
    o Axial Filaments: Spirochetes (Spiral
    microorganisms)
    Chemical composition:
    - Flagellum: Protein (Flaggellin)
    - Axial Filaments: Protein
    Function: Both functions for motility
A

FLAGELLUM AND AXIAL FILAMENTS

61
Q

FLAGELLA NAME BASED ON LOCATION OF TAILS

A

A. Monotrichous
B. Lophotrichous
C. Ampitrichous
D. Peritrichous

62
Q

SINGLE flagellum is found on one
end of the microbe.

A

Monotrichous

63
Q

MULTIPLE flagella are found on one
end of the microbe

A

Lophotrichous

64
Q

Flagella are at both ends.

A

Ampitrichous

65
Q

Flagella are found all over or around
the perimeter of the microorganism.

A

Peritrichous

BACTERIOLOGY (6 decks)

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