Introduction to Anatomy & Intro to Skeleton Flashcards
How is Anatomy studied
- Regional: body regions
- Systemic: body systems
- Clinical: body structure & function with application to medicine
What is the Anatomical Position
- head, eyes, toes forward
- upper limbs by sides with palms forward
- lower limbs together with feet directed forward
Describe MEDIAN plane
(midsagittal)
divides body in to half (“left and right”)
Describe CORONAL plane
(frontal)
divides body in to anterior and posterior
describe TRANSVERSE
(horizontal)
divides body into upper and lower parts
What are the two additional planes
SAGITTAL- parallel to the medial
(parasagittal)
OBLIQUE- infreq.
What word can be used instead of posterior
Dorsal
Dorsum is latin for what
back of structure
What word can be used instead of anterior
Ventral
Venter is latin for what
stomach
Anterior/Posterior plane?
Frontal/Coronal
Superior/Inferior plane?
Transverse/Horizontal
what does Cranial mean?
Towards the head
what does Caudal mean?
towards the tail
Medial/ Lateral Plane?
Median plane
What does medial mean?
closer to the median plane
what does lateral mean?
farther from the medial plane
Define proximal.
nearer to trunk, or point of origin
Define distal.
farther from trunk or point of origin
“Closer to the surface”
superficial
“Farther from surface” (deep)
profound
Between superficial and deep structure
intermediate
Laterus dexter
right side
Laterus sinister
left side
Ipsilateral
occurring on the same side
Contralateral
occurring on the opposite side of body
Functions of the Skeleton
- Protection
- Support
- Movement
- Mineral deposition
- Blood element production
Two parts of skeleton
Axial and Appendicular
Parts of Axial Skeleton
bones of head
spinal column
ribs
sternum
Parts of the Appendicular Skeleton
bones of shoulder girdle
bones of the upper limb
bones of the pelvic girdle
bones of the lower limb
What are some features of compact bone
lamellae
Volkmanns canals
Haversian Canals
What is included in spongy bone
trabeculae
How are bones classified
short long flat irregular sessamoid
What are accessory bones
supernumerary bones (Wormian bones within the suture of the skull) extra fractured areas "sutral bones"
What are “riders bones”
heterotropic bones
different location
What type of bone would be at an IV spot for users
Heterotropic bone
What degree do the three anatomical planes intersect
90
What are some examples of joints that do flexion / extension
knee, hip, wrist, shoulder
What are some examples of a joint that would do abduction/ adduction
shoulder, wrist, hip, metacarpalphalangeal (no thumb)
which joints are able to rotate (medially, and laterally)
atlanto-axial, hip, shoulder
which joints are involved in circumduction
hip
shoulder
Example of plantar flexion and dorsi flexion
of foot at ankle joint
Example of pronation and supination
of forearm and hand at the radiounlar joint
Example of elevation and depression
temporomandibular join
Example of protrusion and retraction
head on temporomandibular joint moving forward and backward
example of opposition and reposition
thumb
Example of inversion and Eversion
Intertarsal joint (foot at ankle)
What are the parts of a typical long bone
- diaphysis (shaft)
- Epiphysis (ends x2)
- epiphysis plate
- metaphysis (neck between D and E)
- medullary (marrow) cavity
- Endosteum (medullary cavity membrane)
- Periosteum (outer membrane)
What do muslces attaching to bones typically form
tubercles, tubers, crests etc
What do bones develop from
immature embryonic connective tissue
Parts of joints require to assemble a joint?
articular surfaces
What is Mesenchyme
embryonic immature tissue
What bones does intramembranous ossification take place and when?
occurs earlier in develpment, in clavicle, mandible, and bones of the skull cap
What happens in endochondral ossification
cartilage model of bone is made first and is later transformed into bone. This takes a little longer- up to 25 years
Structure of a typical joint (synovial diarthodial)
articular surfaces articular cartilage fibrous capsule synovial lining joint cavity synovial liquid
Additional structures associated with joints
intraarticular discs
menisci
bursae
tendon sheaths
Classification of FUNCTIONAL joints
- synarthodial
- amphiarthodial
- diarthrodial
Classification of STRUCTURAL joints
- fibrous
- cartliaginous
- synovial
Two classifications of joints
functional
structural
Example of Fibrous joint
- sutures
- gomphosis
- syndemosis
What is an example of suture
joint between skull bone
What is an example of a gomphosis joint
tooth & socket
what is an exampled of a syndesmosis joint
between tibia and fibia
What does an osteogenic cell develop into
osteoblast
What forms bone tissue
osteoblast
what maintains bone tissue
osteocyte
What does an osteoclast do?
Resorption, the destruction of bone matrix
What are the holes in trabeculae for
space for red marrow
What is the process of intramembranous ossification
- development of centre of ossification
- formation of trabeculae
- osteocytes deposit mineral salts
- development of periosteum, spongy bone, and compact bone
What is the process of endochrondral ossfication
- development of cartilage model
- growth of cartilage model
- development of primary ossification centre
- development of secondary ossification centre
- formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
What happens in a fracture
- fracture hematoma
- fibrocartilagenous callous formation
- bony callus formation
- bone remodeling
Example of a cartilaginous join
- primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis)
2. secondary cartilagenous joint (symphysis)
Example of a primary cartilagenous joint
Epiphyseal plates
Example of Secondary cartilaginous joints
Pubic symphysis
Types of a Synovial Joint
- Uniaxial
- Biaxial
- Multiaxial
Example of a uniaxial joint
plane (navicular & 2nd +3rd cuneform)
pivot hinge ( trochea and trochlear notch)
Hinge(Head of radius + radial notch of ulna)
Example of a biaxial joint
Condyloid (radius, scaphoid, lunate)
Saddle (trapezium of carpus and metacarpal)
Example of multiaxial joint
ball and socket (head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone)
