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Anatomy 1 > Intro to myology & Nervous system > Flashcards

Intro to myology & Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue

A

striated muscle tissue
smooth muscle tissue
cardiac muscle tissue

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2
Q

Describe striated muscle tissue

A

Maintain bodys posture
attached to bone at both ends
dense packed groups of myofibers (myofibrils>myofilaments>myosin + actin)
innervated by peripheral or cranial nerves
contractions produce body movement
conscious control (usually)

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3
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A 
found in organs of body
(walls of tubes- gut blood vessl, resp tract)
made up of single tapering cells
controled by the autonomic motor nerves
not consciously controlled
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4
Q

describe cardiac muscle

A

found in wall of heart
made of short interlinked fibers
rhythmic movement
controlled by autonomic nerves

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5
Q

What is happening when a muscle is relaxed

A

myosin and actin filaments are arranged in sarcomeres
Myosin heads are ‘energized’ but not ready for action

no interaction between actin and myosin

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6
Q

What happens when a muscle contraction signal is sent

A

Nerve impulses trigger the interaction of actin and myosin “to contract muscle”

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7
Q

What happens when a muscle is contracted

A

The ‘heads’ of each myosin filament interact with the actin filament which make the myofibril shorten and contract

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8
Q

What is skeletal muscle composed of

A

Skeletal muscle is composed of fibers
that combine into fascicles
Endomysium, Perimysium and
Epimysium are connective tissues

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9
Q

What is the ORIGIN

A

Attachment of a muscle to a stationary part of the body

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10
Q

What is INSERTION

A

Attachment of a muscle to a moving part of the body

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11
Q

What is a TENDON

A

Dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

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12
Q

What is the MUSCLE BELLY

A

contractile part of a muscle

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13
Q

what is a unipennate muscle

A

diagonal insertion of fibers on tendon

Examples include the Lumbricals (deep hand muscles) and Extensor Digitorum Longus (wrist and finger extensor)

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14
Q

What is a bipennate muscle

A

Two rows of muscle fibers facing opposite and diagonal to a central tendon (feather)
Example: rectus femoris

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15
Q

What is a multipennate muscle

A

multiple rows of diagonal fibres, with a central tendon which branches into two or more tendons. Example Deltoid

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16
Q

What shape are fusiform muscle

A

spindle shaped (muscle belly wider that O and I) ex Biceps

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17
Q

What are circular muscles

A

spincter muscles

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18
Q

What is an agonist muscle

A

prime movers that produce specific movement

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19
Q

what is an antagonist muscle

A

muscles that oppose action of agonist muscles

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20
Q

what is a synergist muscle

A

muscles that complement action of prime movers

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21
Q

What are the three classes of levers

A
  1. first class
  2. second class
  3. third class
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22
Q

What is a first class lever

A

The fulcrum at the center
effort and resistance equally distributed on each end
(ex head/neck)

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23
Q

What is a second class lever

A

Fulcrum is at one end, effort at the other, and resistance in the middle (opposing eachother) (ankle)

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24
Q

What is a third class lever

A

Fulcrum at one end, resistance at the other end and effort in the middle (elbow)

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25
Q

What are the two STRUCTURAL divisions of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

Peipheral nervous system (PNS)

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26
Q

What does the CNS control

A

brain and spinal cord

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27
Q

What does the PNS control

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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28
Q

What are the two FUNCTIONAL divisions of the nervous system

A

Somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

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29
Q

What is the Somatic nervous system

A

sensory and motor innervation to the body-soma

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30
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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31
Q

How can the nervous system be described (in simple terms)

A

INPUT (sensory)–> PROCESSING (interneurons)—> OUTPUT (motor)

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32
Q

What is the input (sensory) action carried by

A

afferent neurons (ascending)(sensory)

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33
Q

What is the output (motor) action ccarried by

A

efferent neurons (motor) (descending)

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34
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31

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35
Q

How many CERVICAL nerves

A

8

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36
Q

How many THORACIC nerves

A

12

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37
Q

How many LUMBAR nerves

A

5

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38
Q

How many SACRAL nerves

A

5

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39
Q

How many coccygeal

A

1

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40
Q

What is the path that a trigger will take

A

Sensory receptor -> sensory neuron -> integrating center -> motor neuron -> effector

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41
Q

What is inside a spinal nerve

A

Fasicles and blood vessels

42
Q

What is inside the fascicle

A

nerve fibers

43
Q

What is surrounding the fascicle

A

perineurium

44
Q

What is surrounding the nerve

A

epineurrium

45
Q

What is surrounding the axon

A

endomeurium

46
Q

What is a nerve made up of

A
  1. dendrite
  2. body
  3. axon
  4. myelin/ schwan cells
47
Q

Where are the origins of spinal nerves seen

A

on the surface of the spinal cord

48
Q

What at the origins of spinal nerves on the spinal cord called

A

rootlets

49
Q

Where are the motor rootlets

A

on the anterior aspect of the spinal cord

50
Q

where are the sensory rootlets

A

on the posterior aspect of the spinal cord

51
Q

Rootlets merge to form what

A

single motor root, single sensory root

52
Q

Motor and sensory nerves unite to form what

A

spinal nerve

53
Q

Where does the spinal nerve emerge

A

from the spinal canal through the intervertebral or sacral formina

54
Q

What are the exceptions to the emerging of spinal nerves

A

C1- passes between atlas and occipital bone

S5 and Co1- exit through the sacral hiatus

55
Q

Why do we have 31 pair of spinal nerves

A

the spinal cord is divided into 31 segments that each are responsible for the production of a pair of spinal nerves

56
Q

Can nerve cells multiply?

A

No.

57
Q

What is the only reparative process in nerves

A

re-growth of axon

58
Q

What is the rate of growth of an axon

A

1mm/day

59
Q

What four rami (branches) will spinal nerves divide into once passed through the intervertebral foramen

A
  1. anterior primary ramus
  2. posterior primary ramus
  3. communicating ramus
  4. recurrent (minigeal) ramus
60
Q

What does the anterior primary ramus continue to?

A

Trunk and limbs.

brachian + lumbosacral plexuses

61
Q

What does the posterior primary ramus continue to?

A

Posteriorly.
Medial- skin and facet jointsL
Lateral - paravertebral muscles

62
Q

Whats does the communicating ramus continue to?

A

carries autonomic nervous system fibers (sympathetic)

63
Q

What do recurrent rami do?

A

re-enter the spinal canal

supplies meninges, posterior longitudinal ligament of spinal column and annulus fibrosus of IV discs

64
Q

What would an average practitioner be able to do to obtain relevant and valuable clinical information on nervous system

A
  1. muscle strength
  2. cutaneous sensation (dematomes)
  3. reflexes
65
Q

If incomplete paralysis occurs, what chart would be helpful

A

Chart 0-5 with muscle contractility

66
Q

5 On the muscle contractility chart

A

(Normal) complete range of motion against resistance as well against gravity

67
Q

4 on the muscle contractility chart

A

(Good) complete range of motion against the gravity with some resistance

68
Q

3 on the muscle contractility chart

A

( fair) complete range of motion against the gravity

69
Q

2 on the muscle contractility chart

A

(poor) complete range of motion with the gravity eliminated

70
Q

1 on the muscle contractility chart

A

(trace) evidence of slight muscle contractility

71
Q

0 on the muscle contractility chart

A

(zero) no evidence of muscle contractility

72
Q

How must muscle testing be done

A

Comparatively (Left to Right)
Repeatedly (for follow-up on improvement)
Repetitively (for fatigue)

73
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

a portion of the skin which is innervated by a single spinal nerve and its dorsal root.

74
Q

What is the corss-reference for the C5 dermatome

A

anterolateral arm and forearm

75
Q

What is the cross reference for the C6 dermatome?

A

lateral aspect of arm, forearm, and thumb

76
Q

What is the cross-reference for the C7 dermatome

A

posterior arm, forearm, index and middle finger

77
Q

what is the cross-reference for C8 dermatome

A

medial arm, forearm and medial two fingers (anularis and minimus)

78
Q

What is the cross-reference for the T1 dermatome

A

anteromedial arm, forearm and armpit, upper surface of chest

79
Q

What is the cross-reference for T4 dermatome

A

nipple line

80
Q

What is the cross-reference for T10 dermatome

A

skin over umbilicus

81
Q

What is the cross-reference for L4 dermatome

A

inferolateral thigh
top of patella
medial leg
great toe

82
Q

What is the cross-reference for L5 dermatome

A 
lateral thigh
anterolateral leg
lateral surface of the great toe, 
digits 2, 3, 4, 
dorsum and heel of the foot
83
Q

What is the cross-reference for the S1 dermatome

A

posterolateral thigh and leg

lateral aspect of foot and toe #5

84
Q

What is the cross-reference for the S2 dermatome

A

posteriomedial thigh and lef
heel
portion of buttocks

85
Q

Define hyperaesthesia

A

increase preception of a particular stimulus

86
Q

Define hypoaesthesia

A

decrease sensation of a particular stimulus

87
Q

define anasthesia

A

absent sensation

88
Q

Define dysaesthesia

A

altered sensation (general)

89
Q

Define paraesthesia

A

altered sensation (pins and needles)

90
Q

How are reflexes tested

A

bilaterally

91
Q

What is a reflex arc composed of

A
  1. receptor
  2. sensory
  3. interneurons
  4. motor
  5. effector cells
92
Q

What is a receptor cell

A

muscle spindle which is located in the middle of a muscles belly

93
Q

whats is a sensory cell

A

(afferent fibers) that bring information from the receptor into the spinal cord

94
Q

What is an interneuron

A

integration or processing reflex centers

95
Q

whats is a motor neuron

A

(efferent fibers) bring info from the spinal cord to the muscle

96
Q

what is an effector cell

A

muscle fiber

97
Q

What is the nerve for the biceps brachii muscle reflex

A

C5

98
Q

whats is the nerve for the brachioradioalis muscle reflex

A

C6

99
Q

What is the nerve for the triceps brachii muscle reflex

A

C7

100
Q

What is the nerve for the qudriceps femoris muscle relfex

A

L4

101
Q

What is the nerve for the tibialis posterior muscle reflex

A

L5

102
Q

What is the nerve for the achilles tendon reflex

A

S1

Anatomy 1 (5 decks)

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