Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards
Name and describe the plane types of the body
Coronal: Divides body into front and back section
Sagittal: any plane passing through the body from front to back (ie an arrow piercing through the body)
Median: The sagittal plane passing directly down the middle of the body, creating left and right halves
Axial (transverse): passes through the width of the body in a transverse direction (create upper and lower section)
Oblique : any plane passing thorough that isnt parallel to one of the three cardinal planes
Relationship words and their meanings
Anterior/Posterior
Medial/Lateral
Superior/Inferior
Intermediate
Proximal/Distal
Superficial/Deep
Interior/exterior
Ipsilateral/Contralateral
Anterior/Posterior
Anterior: is toward the front of the body surface
Posterior: toward the back of the body surface
Medial/Lateral
Medial: towards the median plane (midline of body)
Lateral: lies further away from the midline of body
Superior/Inferior
Superior: toward the top of the head
Inferior: toward the bottom of feet
Intermediate:
Between two structures
Proximal/Distal (regard to limbs)
Proximal: towards the trunk
Distal: Away from trunk
Superficial/Deep
Superficial: Closer to body surface (skin)
Interior/exterior
Interior: Nearer to the centre of an organ or cavity
Exterior: Further from the centre of an organ or cavity
Ipsilateral/Contralateral
Ipsilateral is the same side of the body
Contralateral: opposite side of body
Terms for movement and description
Flexion/Extension:
Abduction/Adduction
Elevation/Depression
Protraction/Retraction
Circumduction
Supination/Pronation
Opposition/Reposition
Flexion/Extension:
Flexion: bending or decreasing an angle between bones or parts of the body
Extension: straigtening of a flexed part or joint.
Abduction/Adduction
Abduction: Moving apart or away from median plane
Adduction: Moving towards centre of body
Elevation/Depression
Elevation: lifting, raising or moving a body part superiorly
Despression: lowering a body part interiorly
Protraction/Retraction
Protraction: Moving something anteriorly
RetractionL Moving a part posterialy.
Circumduction
Draw around or form a circle
Supination/Pronation
Supination: Rotation of forearm so that the palm faces anterioly
Pronation: Rotation of forearm so that the palm faces posteraily
Opposition/Reposition
Opposition: Thumb across to the finger pads
Reposition: returning thumb in opposition to anatomical position.
What is a dermatone
An area of skin that is mainly supplied by cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve
How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral nerves are there
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral nerves
What is a myotome
Group of muscles derived from one somite and supplied by a single spinal nerve (Motor equivalent of dermatone). Muscle and nerve make up a myotome
Draw where the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral nerves are
Refer to lecture
Patterns of myotomal supply
L2
L3
L4
L5
S1
S2
Hip flexion: L2, L3
Hip Extension: L4, L5
Knee Flexion: L5, S1
Knee Extension: L3, L4
Ankle dorsiflexion: L4, L5
Ankle plantarflexion: S1, S2.
Toe Extension: L5
Toe flexion: S2
Muscles that have a common action have common segmental supply. So all the muscles that are used to flex the hips have the same myotome and are innervated by L2 and L3
each joint moving distally (away from trunk) are supplied by one segement lower in the cord.
What is fascia
What is deep fascia
layers of connective tissue which permate the body. Deep fascia is a dense layer which surrounds muscles, groups of muscles and blood vessesls and nerves.
Limbs have groups of muscles which are grouped into fascial compartments by thick sheets of deep fascita. As these muscles contract and expand, the fascita compresses the veins and force blood in these vessels to return to the heart
When muscle becomes compressed..
the muscle shortens and gains girth. The outward expansion is limited by deep fascia creating compression. This compression causes blood to be pushed toward heart due to the vein being compressed by contracting muscle.
classes of bones in the body, description/function and examples
Long bones: Main component of limbs. Made to carry weight and form system of levers for movement.
Femur, humerus
Short bones: Provide compactness, eleasticaity and limited motion.
Carpals, tarsals.
Flat bones: Protection and wide areas for muscle attachment
Cranial bones, scapula
Irregular bones: Complex
Vertebrae
Two types of skeleton
Axial: Ribs, spine, CNS
Appendicular: Rest
The upper limb is broken into 4 major parts
Pectoral Girdle: connects upper limb to the trunk (scapula, acromion)
Arm: Region between shoulder and elbow (humerus)
Forearm: Region between elbow and wrist (Radius, Ulna)
Hand: Distal to wrist joint (fingers, metacarpals, carpals)
The lower limb is broken into 4 major parts
- hip and pelvis: connects the lower limb to the trunk and verterbral coloumn (ilium, pubis)
- thigh: Region between the hip and knee (femur, patella)
- Leg: region between knee and ankle (tibia, fibula)
- Foot: Distal to the ankle joint (toes etc)
what is Gait
Gait: the alteration between loss of balance and recovery of balance with body mass constantly moving (eg walking)
