INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Flashcards
This is the study of the normal structures of the human body & their relationship to one another; it is derived from Greek word “tome” which means to “cut into” (study by dissection); this is the human structural biology.
ANATOMY
What are the four major divisions of human anatomy?
Gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, embryology, and neuroanatomy.
This division of anatomy has three branches, the systematic anatomy, regional anatomy, and surface anatomy.
Gross anatomy
This division of anatomy has two branches; the cytology and histology.
Microscopic anatomy
This focuses on the chemical and microscopic study of cells.
Cytology
This focuses on the study of normal tissues of the body.
Histology
This is the study of the development of the human body from fertilization of the ovum to the period of extrauterine life.
Embryology
This is the study of normal microscopic, gross features & development of nervous system.
Neuroanatomy
What are the 5 structural organization of the body?
Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, and system level.
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
OF THE BODY:
This includes atoms & molecules.
Chemical level
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
OF THE BODY:
This is above the chemical level; it is composed of group of molecules performing specific functions.
Cellular level
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
OF THE BODY:
This is composed of cells similar in structure & function together with their intracellular substance.
Tissue level
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
OF THE BODY:
This is composed of different types of tissues joined together for specific function.
Organ level
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
OF THE BODY:
This is composed of related organs
with some common definite functions.
System level
BODY SYSTEMS:
This is the skin and its appendages.
Integumentary system
BODY SYSTEM:
This is the bones and the cartilaginous parts
Skeletal system
BODY SYSTEM:
This is the joints & associated bones & ligaments.
Articular system
BODY SYSTEM:
This is the skeletal muscles.
Muscular system
BODY SYSTEM:
This is the brain & spinal cord; (CNS) & the nerves arising from the (PNS); the master system that controls & coordinates the activities of all other
organs.
Nervous system
BODY SYSTEM:
This is the heart & blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) & lymphatic system (lymph nodes & vessels).
Circulatory system or Vascular system
BODY SYSTEM:
This is the oral cavity, pharynx, & gut; it extends from mouth to the anus; it includes glands: pancreas & liver.
Digestive system or Allimentary system
BODY SYSTEM:
This is the lungs & system of tubes by which air reaches them; where the exchange of O2 and CO happens.
Respiratory system
BODY SYSTEM:
This is the kidneys, urinary bladder, & excretory passages; the elimination of waste in the urine
Urinary system
BODY SYSTEM:
This is the organs concerned with reproduction; in males it is know as the UROGENITAL SYSTEM.
Reproductive (genital) system
BODY SYSTEM:
This is where the ductless glands, hormones, circulatory system, and other parts of the body are found.
Endocrine system
This is the standing erect of lying supine as if erect; head & eyes directed forward; upper limbs by the sides with palms facing forward; lower limbs together with the toes pointing forward.
Anatomical position
This is the imaginary planes that passed through the
body in anatomical position.
Anatomical planes
ANATOMICAL PLANES:
This is the sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline.
Median plane or Mid-sagittal plane
ANATOMICAL PLANES:
This is the sagittal plane that does not pass the median plane (offset from midline).
Parasagittal plane
ANATOMICAL PLANES:
This is the vertical plane that divides the body into right & left parts.
Sagittal plane
ANATOMICAL PLANES
This is the plane that passes through the body at right angles to the median plane dividing it into
anterior & posterior portions.
Coronal/Frontal plane
ANATOMICAL PLANES:
This is the plane that passes through the body at right angles to both the median & coronal planes dividing the body into upper & lower halves.
Horizontal/Transverse plane
SECTIONS OF THE BODY:
This is when the body part is cut in the direction of the long axis of the body, or any of its parts.
Longitudinal section (Vertical section)
SECTIONS OF THE BODY:
This is the cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of its parts.
Transverse section (cross section)
SECTIONS OF THE BODY:
This is the diagonal or slant or deviate from the body planes.
Oblique section
ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP:
This is nearer to the head.
Superior (Cranial)
ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP:
This is nearer to the foot.
Inferior (caudal)
ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP:
This is nearer to the front.
Anterior (Ventral)
ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP:
This is nearer to the back.
Posterior (Dorsal)
ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP:
This is nearer to the median plane.
Medial
ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP:
This is farther from the median plane.
Lateral
ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP:
This is nearer to the trunk or point of origin.
Proximal
ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP:
This is farther from the trunk or point of origin.
Distal
ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP:
This is nearer to or on the surface
Superficial (Exterior)
ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP:
This is farther from the surface.
Deep (Internal)
ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP:
This is nearer to or forward to center.
Central
ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP:
This is farther from the center.
Peripheral
ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP:
This is the external wall of a body cavity.
Parietal
ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP:
This is the covering of an organ.
Visceral
TERMS OF MOVEMENT:
This is bending or decreasing the angle between body parts.
Flexion
TERMS OF MOVEMENT:
This is straightening of increasing the angle between body parts.
Extension
TERMS OF MOVEMENT:
This is moving away from the median plane.
Abduction
TERMS OF MOVEMENT:
This is moving toward the median plane.
Adduction
TERMS OF MOVEMENT:
This is the movement in a superior direction.
Elevation
TERMS OF MOVEMENT:
This is the downward movement of the structure of the body.
Depression
TERMS OF MOVEMENT:
This is the anterior movement of a bone in the horizontal plane.
Protraction
TERMS OF MOVEMENT:
This is moving around the long axis.
Rotation
TERMS OF MOVEMENT:
This is the circular movement combining flexion, abduction, & adduction.
Circumduction
TERMS OF MOVEMENT:
This is moving the foot wherein the sole faces laterally
Eversion
TERMS OF MOVEMENT:
This is moving the foot wherein the sole faces medially.
Inversion
TERMS OF MOVEMENT:
This is the movement of mandible forward.
Protrusion
TERMS OF MOVEMENT:
This is the movement of mandible backward.
Retraction
TERMS OF MOVEMENT:
This is rotating the forearm and laterally so the palm faces anteriorly
Supination
TERMS OF MOVEMENT:
This is rotating the forearm & hand medially so the palm faces posteriorly.
Pronation
