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GENERAL ANATOMY > AXIAL SKELETON > Flashcards

AXIAL SKELETON Flashcards

1
Q

This is composed of bones & cartilages forming the framework of the body; the bones, cartilages, joints & ligaments accounts for about 20% of body mass.

A

Skeletal and Articular System

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2
Q

This make up the bulk of the skeleton.

A

Bones

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3
Q

This is the nose, part of the ribs, and joints.

A

Cartilage

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4
Q

This connects bones and reinforce joints to allow movement while restricting motions in other directions.

A

Ligaments

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5
Q

How many bones are there in our body?

A

206 bones

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6
Q

The bones are divided into 2 divisions, what are these?

A

Axial and Appendicular

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7
Q

This forms the long axis of the body including the bones of the skull, vertebral column, rib cage & sternum.

A

Axial skeleton

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8
Q

These are the bones of the upper & lower limbs & girdles (shoulder & hip bones) that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

A

Appendicular skeleton

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9
Q

What are the functions of the bone?

A

Supports surrounding structures, protects vital visceral organs, gives attachment to the muscles & provides leverage in assisting body movements, produces blood cells, hematopoiesis; occurs in the bone marrow, storage of mineral salts, phosphorus & calcium

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10
Q

What are the three bone cells?

A

Osteoblast, osteoclast, and oscteocytes

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11
Q

BONES CELLS:

This cell is active in bone formation.

A

Osteoblast

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12
Q

BONE CELLS:

This cell is active in bone resorption.

A

Osteoclast

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13
Q

BONE CELL:

This is the principal cells of mature bone & surrounded by bone matrix.

A

Osteocytes

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14
Q

CLASSFICATION OF BONES ACCORDING TO SHAPE:

This consist of a shaft (diaphysis) & 2 extremities (epiphysis).
EX: humerus, radius, tibia, fibula

A

Long bones

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15
Q

CLASSFICATION OF BONES ACCORDING TO SHAPE:

These are the bones in the wrists & tarsal bones of the ankle.

A

Short bones

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16
Q

CLASSFICATION OF BONES ACCORDING TO SHAPE:

This consist of 2 flat plates of compact tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone.
EX: ribs, scapula, parts of hip bone,
bones of the skull

A

Flat bones

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17
Q

CLASSFICATION OF BONES ACCORDING TO SHAPE:

These are the bones of peculiar & differing shapes.
EX: vertebrae & ossicles of the ear

A

Irregular bones

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18
Q

CLASSFICATION OF BONES ACCORDING TO SHAPE:

This is enclosed in a tendon & fascial tissue & found adjacent to joints.
EX: patella

A

Sesamoid bones

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19
Q

CLASSFICATION OF BONES ACCORDING TO DEVELOPMENT:

This involves the direct mineralization of dense connective tissue membrane forming bones.
EX: flat bones of the cranium

A

Bones formed by intramembranous ossification

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20
Q

CLASSFICATION OF BONES ACCORDING TO DEVELOPMENT:

This is the process where most bones in the body are formed; it involves replacement of hyaline cartilage by bone.

A

Bones formed by endochondral ossification

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21
Q

The axial skeleton has how many bones? and what are these?

A

80 bones; skull, hyoid bone, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

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22
Q

How many bones are there in the skull, and what are these?

A

28 bones:
Cranial- 8
Facial- 14
Ear ossicles- 6

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23
Q

This enclose & protects the brain & furnish attachment sites for head & neck muscles; most of this bones are flat bone. All bones of the adult in this part are firmly united by interlocking joints and sutures EXCEPT the mandible.

A

Cranium

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24
Q

SUTURES OF THE SKULL:

This is where the parietal bones meet superiorly at the cranial midline.

A

Sagittal suture

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25
Q

SUTURES OF THE SKULL:

This is where the parietal bones meet the frontal bone anteriorly.

A

Coronal suture

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26
Q

SUTURES OF THE SKULL:

This is where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly.

A

Lambdoid suture

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27
Q

SUTURES OF THE SKULL:

This is where the parietal and temporal bone meet on the lateral aspect of the skull.

A

Squamous suture

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28
Q

CRANIAL BONES:

This is the back and base of the skull.
Important features: foramen magnum, occipital condyles.
EX: occipital protuberance

A

Occipital

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29
Q

CRANIAL BONES:

This is the greater part of the superior lateral aspect of the skull.

A

Parietal

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30
Q

CRANIAL BONES:

This forms the forehead, most of the orbital roof and anterior cranial fossa.

A

Frontal

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31
Q

PART OF FRONTAL BONES:

This is the smooth portion between the orbits.

A

Glabella

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32
Q

PART OF FRONTAL BONES:

These areas are lateral to the glabella.

A

Frontal sinuses

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33
Q

CRANIAL BONES:

This forms the inferior lateral aspect of the skull & parts of cranial base; it contains the middle & inner ear structures; important feature is mastoid process
3 MAJOR PARTS: Squamous,
Tympanic, Petrous parts.
EX: Auditory meatus, Mastoid
process, and Styloid process.

A

Temporal bones

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34
Q

PART OF SPHENOID BONES:

This is the saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland.

A

Sella turcica

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35
Q

CRANIAL BONES:

This is the bat-shaped bone that forms the midanterior base of the skull, forms the floor & lateral orbital floor. The important features are the 3 pairs of processes: Greater and lesser wing pterygoid processes, sphenoidal sinuses, and sella turica.

A

Sphenoid

36
Q

CRANIAL BONES:

This is located between the nasal bones & sphenoid; it form part of the anterior cranial floor, medial walls of orbit, part of nasal septum, roof of nasal cavity; the important features are the cribriform plate, crista galli, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, middle conchae, and superior turbinates.

A

Ethmoid

37
Q

PARTS OF ETHMOID BONE:

This forms the roof of the nasal cavity & floor of the anterior cranial fossa.

A

Cribriform plate

38
Q

PARTS OF ETHMOID BONE:

This helps secure the brain in the cranial cavity.

A

Crista galli

39
Q

PARTS OF ETHMOID BONE:

This forms the superior part of the nasal septum.

A

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

40
Q

PARTS OF ETHMOID BONE:

This forms a protective shield over the sinuses.

A

Middle conchae

41
Q

PARTS OF ETHMOID BONE:

This protect the olfactory bulb.

A

Superior turbinates

42
Q

This form the framework of the face; contain cavities for special sense organs; provide opening for air & food passages; secure the teeth; anchor the facial muscles of expression

A

Facial bones

43
Q

How many bones are there in facial bones? And what are these?

A

14 bones:
Nasal- 2
Lacrimal- 2
Inferior nasal concha- 2
Maxilla- 2
Palatine- 2
Zygomatic-2
Mandible- 1
Vomer- 1

44
Q

FACIAL BONES:

This is the thin & rectangular bones; it lies between the maxillary bones; it is fused medially and bridge of the nose to bind together the cartilage that forms individual nose contours and shapes.

A

Nasal bone

45
Q

FACIAL BONES:

This is fused medially to upper jaw; it is considered the keystone bones of the facial skeleton where all the facial bones articulate except the mandible.

A

Maxillary or maxillae bones

46
Q

FACIAL BONES:

This is also known as the cheek bones.
* Articulates with:
POSTERIOR- zygomatic process of
the temporal bone
SUPERIOR- zygomatic process of the
frontal bone
ANTERIOR- zygomatic process of the
maxillae

A

Zygomatic (malar) bone

47
Q

FACIAL BONES:

This is U-shaped; the largest & strongest bone of the face; it consists of body, 2 rami, and coronoid & condylar processes.

A

Mandibular (lower jaw)

48
Q

FACIAL BONES:

This is fingernail shaped; it forms the anterior medial wall of orbit.

A

Lacrimal bones

49
Q

FACIAL BONES:

This is located between the maxillae and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone; it is formed from 2 bony plates: horizontal &
perpendicular plates; it also form the posterior nasal cavity & part of hard palate.

A

Palatine bones

50
Q

FACIAL BONES:

This is slender & plow-shaped bone; it forms the posterior part of the nasal septum

A

Vomer

51
Q

This is thin, curved bones in the nasal cavity; it project medially from the lateral wall of nasal cavity; it filters and humidify the air that we breathe.

A

Inferior nasal conchae

52
Q

There are 6 in number of this bone; this is the small bones in the middle ear in the temporal bone.

A

Auditory ossicles

53
Q

What are the bones in the auditory ossicles?

A

Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil), and Stapes (stirrups)

54
Q

These are the cone-shaped bony cavities; it encases the eyes & lacrimal glands; it is formed by 7 bones: Frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxillae, palatine, lacrimal & ethmoid bones

A

Orbits

55
Q

This is the passage of optic nerve

A

Optic foramen

56
Q

This is mucosa-lined, air-filled sinuses inside the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid & paired maxillary bones; it functions as warm & humidify the air, lightens the skull, and enhance resonance of the voice

A

Paranasal sinuses

57
Q

This is a horseshoe shaped in upper part of anterior
neck; the only bone that does not directly articulate with any bone of the body but anchored by a ligament; it acts as movable base for the tongue
Parts: body & 2 cornua (horns)

A

Hyoid bone

58
Q

This is composed of 51 bones: the vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

A

Trunk

59
Q

This is also called the spine or spinal column; it is the framework of the back; s-shaped; it functions as an axial support of the trunk, transmits weight of the trunk to LE, protects the spinal cord, serves as an attachment for the ribs & muscles of the back & neck

A

Vertebrae

60
Q

What are the bones in the vertebrae?

A

Cervical- 7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacrum- 1 (5 fused)
Coccyx – 1 (4 fused)

61
Q

This is the vertebrae in the neck region

A

Cervical vertebrae

62
Q

Cervical and thoracic curvatures

A

Concave posteriorly

63
Q

Lumbar and sacral curvatures

A

Convex posteriorly

64
Q

The passage of vertebral artery (important feature of cervical vertebrae) is?

A

Transverse foramen

65
Q

What are the types of cervical vertebrae?

A

Typical: C3-C6 (has bifid spine)
Atypical: C1 (ATLAS), C2 (AXIS), C7 (VERTEBRAE PROMINENS)

66
Q

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE:

This has no body and spinous process.

A

C1 (ATLAS)

67
Q

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE:

It has odontoid process.

A

C2 (AXIS)

68
Q

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE:

This acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas.

A

Dens

69
Q

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE:

It has long single spine, and is not bifid.

A

C7 (VERTEBRA PROMINENS)

70
Q

It has small facets for the ribs (demifacets); the vertebral foramen is circular; spinous process long & points sharply downward; transverse process with facets except T11 & T12; it increases in size from 1st to last; it is body heart shaped

A

Thoracic vertebrae

71
Q

This is commonly referred to as the small of the
back; it receives the most stress; have sturdier structure because of its weight bearing function; the articular processes lock the vertebrae together to prevent rotation; flexion, extension & lateral flexion possible

A

Lumbar vertebra

72
Q

What are the unique characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?

A

Body- massive & kidney shaped
Pedicles & laminae are shorter & thicker Spinous processes are short, flat, hatchet shaped
Vertebral foramen triangular

73
Q

This is triangular in shape; formed by 5 bones; shapes the posterior wall of the pelvis

A

Sacrum

74
Q

This is formed because the laminae of the 5th & sometimes the 4th failed to fuse medially

A

Sacral hiatus

75
Q

This is also known as the tail bone; small triangular bone; formed by fusion of 4 or 5 bones

A

Coccyx

76
Q

This forms a protective cage for the vital organs of the thoracic cavity; serves as an attachment of muscles; consists of rib, sternum & costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae.

A

Thoracic cage

77
Q

This is the spaces between the ribs; occupied by intercostal muscles; lift & depress the thorax during
breathing

A

Intercostal spaces

78
Q

This is flat, narrow bone located in the midanterior chest; it resembles a dagger

A

Sternum

79
Q

What are the 3 parts of sternum?

A

MANUBRIUM- upper part
BODY- middle part
XIPHOID PROCESS- pointy end

80
Q

3 ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS OF STERNUM:

This is where the left common carotid artery
issues from the aorta

A

Jugular (suprasternal) notch

81
Q

3 ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS OF STERNUM:

This is for PE & listening for sounds of heart
valves

A

Sternal angle

82
Q

3 ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS OF STERNUM:

This is at level with heart lying on the diaphragm

A

Xiphesternal joint

83
Q

RIBS:

1-7 ribs: attached to the ribs by their
own costal cartilages

A

True ribs (vertebrosternal)

84
Q

RIBS:

8-10th ribs: attached to the sternum
by the 7th costal cartilage

A

FALSE RIBS (VERTEBROCHONDRAL)

85
Q

RIBS:

11-12th ribs: no anterior attachment

A

RIBS (VERTEBRAL)

GENERAL ANATOMY (4 decks)

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