APPENDICULAR SKELETON Flashcards
How many bones are there in the upper extremities? and what are these?
Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Ulna & Radius, Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges
This consists of the clavicle anteriorly & the scapula posteriorly. It functions as an attachment for the upper extremities to the axial skeleton, and for attachment of muscles that move the upper limbs.
Pectoral or Shoulder girdle
This is also known as “collar bones” there are 2 in number; this is slender and s-shaped bones; it articulates s with the sternum medially & scapula laterally; it act as braces & for anchoring muscles
Clavicles
This is also known as “shoulder blade”, there are 2 in number; this is thin, triangular flat bones located at the back; it lies on the dorsal surface of the rib cage between ribs 2 & 7
Scapula
BORDERS OF SCAPULAE:
This is the shortest and the sharpest border.
Superior border
BORDERS OF SCAPULAE:
This is parallel to the vertebral column.
Medial or Vertebral border
BORDERS OF SCAPULAE:
This abuts the armpits.
Lateral or axillary border
FEATURES OF THE SCAPULA:
This is the superior, lateral, and inferior.
3 angles
FEATURES OF THE SCAPULA:
This receives the head f the humerus
Glenoid cavity
FEATURES OF THE SCAPULA:
This articulates with the clavicle
Acromion
FEATURES OF THE SCAPULA:
This anchors the biceps muscles
Coracoid process
This crosses obliquely on the dorsal surface and separates the scapula into 2 fossae.
Scapular spine
FOSSAE OF SCAPULAR SPINE:
This is the origin for subscapularis muscle.
Supraspinatous fossae
FOSSAE OF SCAPULAR SPINE:
This is where the infraspinatus muscle is located
Infraspinatous fossae
This is also known as “arm bone”, there are 2 in number; it is the sole bone of the arm; the largest & longest bone of the upper extremity.
Humerus
PARTS OF THE HUMERUS:
This is the head & greater tuberosity, bicipital groove
Proximal end
PARTS OF THE HUMERUS:
This is the anatomical and surgical neck
Neck
PARTS OF THE HUMERUS:
This is the deltoid tuberosity and radial groove
Shaft
PARTS OF THE HUMERUS:
This is the medial & lateral epicondyle, trochlea, capitulum, coronoid & radial fossa
Inferior
Together with radius forms the bones of the
forearm; this is the medial forearm bone; it is slightly longer than the radius; it resembles a wrench (bottle opener).
Ulna
What are the 2 prominent processes of the ulna?
Olecranon process and coronoid process
This is lateral forearm bone; it lies opposite of the ulna; it is thin at the proximal end & wide distally; it forms the radio-carpel joint at the wrist and the radio-ulnar joint at the elbow; features: ulnar notch
Radius
There are 8 bones on each hand; it is the proximal part of the hand.
Carpals
What are the wrist bones in the proximal row of carpals?
Navicular (scaphoid), lunate, triquetral, and pisiform
What are the wrist bones in the distal row of carpals?
Greater multangular (trapezium), lesser multangular (trapezoid), capitate, and hamate
This is also known as the “palm bones”; there are 10 in number.
Metacarpals
This is also known as the “finger bones”; there are28 in number.
Phalanges
How many bones are there in the lower extremities? and what are these?
There are 62 in number and this consists of: hip bone, femur, patella, tibia & fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
This is also known as “hip girdle”; it is formed by the hip bones anteriorly & laterally & sacrum posteriorly; it attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton; it transmits the weight of the upper body to the lower limbs; it supports the visceral organs of the pelvis
Pelvic girdle
There are 2 in number of this bone; it is irregular in shape; the fusion of ilium, ischium & pubis
Pelvic or hip bones
What are the 3 important features of pelvic bones?
Illiac crest, acetabulum, and ischial tuberosity
PARTS OF HIP BONES:
This is the edge of the pelvic inlet.
Pelvic brim
PARTS OF HIP BONES:
This marks the boundary between the greater pelvis and lesser pelvis
Pelvic inlet
This is the only bone in the thigh; the largest, longest & strongest bone in the body; main function of it is weight bearing & gait stability; it acts as the site of origin & attachment of many muscles & ligaments
Femur
This is also known as the “knee bone”; it is a sesamoid bone; located in the quadriceps tendon; protects the knee & connects the muscles in the front of the thigh to the tibia; it covers & protects the knee joint
Patella
This is also known as the “sheen bone”; it is the medial leg bone; it receives the weight of the body from the femur & transmit it to the foot; the second to the femur in size & strength
Tibia
This is also known as the “splint bone”; there are 2 in number; it is sticklike bone with slightly expanded ends; lateral leg bone; does not bear weights
Fibula
This is also known as the “ankle bones”; there are 14 in number; it supports the body weight; it acts as lever to propel the body forward during walking & running
Tarsarls
What are the bones in the tarsarls?
Talus, navicular, cuboid, cuneiform (medial), intermediate (lateral)
This is the long bones on each foot.
Metatarsus
This plays an important role in supporting body weight.
1st metatarsus
This is smaller than those of the fingers; there are 3 phalanges in each digit except the hallux or great toe
Phalanges
This is the area of union between 2 or more bones; it is classified based on: material between the bones and degree of movement allowed
Joints (arthroses)
This is the bones held together by fibrous connective tissue; it is immovable; it is also called SYNARTHROSES
EX: SUTURE
Fibrous joints
This is held by cartilage; it is slightly movable; also called AMPHITHROSES
EX: SYMPHYSIS PUBIS INTERVERTEBRAL DISK
Cartilagenous joints
This is a cavity (synovial cavity) filled with fluids is found between bones; freely movable; also called DIARTHROSES
EX: MOST JOINTS IN THE BODYEXTREMITIES
Synovial joints
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
This allows movement in many different directions.
EX: SHOULDER JOINT
Ball and socket joint
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
This allows movement in one direction
EX: ELBOW & KNEE JOINT
Hinge joints
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
This allows rotation around the length of the bone
EX: ATLANTOAXIAL JOINTS
Pivot joint
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
This allows movement in 2 different directions
EX: WRIST JOINT
Condyloid joint
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
This is like condyloid joint but with deeper articulating surface.
EX: CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT OF THE THUMB
Saddle joint
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
This is when the bones slide over one another
EX: CARPAL JOINTS & TARSAL JOINTS
Gliding joint
