Introduction (Shokry) Flashcards
T/F: Drugs can act as antigens or haptens
True
Phenoxybenzamine and Epinephrine is an example of _______________ antagonism
Phenoxybenzamine and Epinephrine is an example of noncompetitive pharmacological antagonism
Pharmacodynamics involves
Action of drugs
Mechanisms of action
Structure-Activity relationships
Factors related to the animal
Species
Breed
Individual
Body Weight
Age
Sex
Temperament
Idiosyncrasy
Hypersensitivity
Disease
Tolerance
Adverse effect of captoprin in dogs
Renal disease
________ route of administration has a slower onset and longer duration of action.
Oral route of administration has a slower onset and longer duration of action.
Factors related to the drug
Route of administration
Timing of administration
Cumulation
Drug- drug interaction
Alteration of biotransformation occurs when
Enzyme inducers decrease the effects of other drugs or enzyme inhibitors increase the effect of other drugs
Reactive Drug Metabolites (RDM)
Bind to cellular macromolecules resulting in cellular damage and usually involve the immune system
Antagonism
Administration of a drug results in decrease in the pharmacological response of another drug
Thiopental tolerance when given to an animal under phenobarbital treatment is an example of
Cross tolerance
Phenobarbital is an enzyme (inducer/ihibitor)
Phenobarbital is an enzyme (inducer/ihibitor)
Drugs that act as antigens cause hypersensitivity reactions by
Antigen-Antibody reactions
Chloramphenicol is an enzyme (inducer/ihibitor)
Chloramphenicol is an enzyme (inducer/ihibitor)
Acquired tolerance can occur due to
Enzyme induction
Increased excretion
Down- regulation of receptors
Three general factors that modify drug dosage and response
Factors related to the animal
Factors related to the drug
Factors related to the environment
Alteration of excretion occurs when
Urinary alkalinizers enhance renal excretion of weak acidic drugs or when urniary acidifiers enhance excretion of weak basic drugs
Drug
Any chemical that is capable of altering biological function
Fluoroquinolones given to young patients cause
Fluoroquinolones given to young patients cause cartilage damage
Tetracyclines given in young patients cause
Tetracyclines given in young patients cause yellow discoloration of teeth
Clinical signs of idiosyncratic reactions
Fever, Urticaria, Anaphylaxis, Hematologic and Organ Toxicities
Pharmacotherapeutics
Therapeutic uses of the drug
Glucocorticoids given to young patients cause
Glucocorticoids given to young patients cause growth inhibition
Drugs that act as haptens cause hypersensitivity reactions by
Interaction with the immune system
Idiosyncratic reactions are typically caused by ______________
Idiosyncratic reactions are typically caused by Reactive Drug Metabolites (RDMs)
Adverse effect of enrofloxacin in cats
Retinal damage
Examples of drugs that act as haptens
Penicillin
Sulfonamides
Aspirin
Morphine
Tubocurarine
Collies are sensitive to __________
Collies are sensitive to Ivermectin
Types of tolerance
Natural
Acquired
Cumulation
Rate of elimination is slower than the rate of absorption
Alteration of absorption occurs when
Drugs inhibit or enhance absorption of other drugs
Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interactions
Two drugs act on the same receptors
Pharmacokinetics involves
Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation
Excretion
Summation
Sum of the effects of the drugs
1+1=2
_________________________
Two anticholinergics
Antihistamines and barbiturates given to young patients can cause
Antihistamines and barbiturates given to young patients can cause hyperactivity
Alteration of distribution occurs when
Strongly bound drugs to plasma proteins displace weakly bound drugs increasing their effects
Epinephrine and Histamine is an example of ___________ antagonism.
Epinephrine and Histamine is an example of physiological antagonism.
Calcium given orally inhibits absorption of ____________
Calcium given orally inhibits absorption of tetracyclines
EDTA and Lead is an example of ____________ antagonism
EDTA and Lead is an example of chemical antagonism
Boxers are sensitive to ___________.
Boxers are sensitive to phenothiazines.
Competative and Non-Competitive Antagonism are subsets of ____________ Antagonism
Competative and Non-Competitive Antagonism are subsets of Pharmacological Antagonism
Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions can involve the alteration of
Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation
Excretion
Important changes in geriatric patients that modify drug dosage
Decreased metabolism, cardiac output, renal function, hepatic blood flow
Chronic disease
Changes in body composition
Australian terriers are tolerant to _____________ combination but sensitive to its toxic effects.
Australian terriers are tolerant to droperidol-fentanyl combination but sensitive to its toxic effects.
Epinephrine SQ inhibits systemic absorption of ______________.
Epinephrine SQ inhibits systemic absorption of local anesthetics.
Atropine and Acetylcholine is an example of _______________ antagonism
Atropine and Acetylcholine is an example of competitive pharmacological antagonism
Oral administration, generally, absorption is faster (before/after) meals.
Oral administration, generally, absorption is faster (before/after) meals.
Types of Antagonism
Chemical
Physiological
Pharmacological
Prior exposure is required in __________ reactions
Prior exposure is required in hypersensitivity reactions
Chronic phenobarbital therapy can affect _____________ in young patients.
Chronic phenobarbital therapy can affect learning and behavior in young patients.
_________ route of administration has a rapid onset and short duration of action
Intravenous (IV) route of administration has a rapid onset and short duration of action
Important changes in pediatric patients that require dosage modification
Decreased drug metabolism, drug excretion, and blood brain barrier
Increased total body water
Decreased plasma protein binding
Susceptibility to adverse effects
____________ locally is a local anesthetic but given IV is antiarrhythmic.
Lidocaine locally is a local anesthetic but given IV is antiarrhythmic.
Undesirable drug reactions are important in using drugs with ________________
Undesirable drug reactions are important in using drugs with narrow safety margin
Tachyphylaxis
Acute acquired tolerance
_______________ given orally causes cathartic effect but given IV causes cardiac depression and muscle relaxation
Magnesium Sulfate given orally causes cathartic effect but given IV causes cardiac depression and muscle relaxation
Environmental factors that can modify drug dosage
Ambient temperature
Humidity
Oxygen
Drug-Drug Interactions
Administration of drugs concurrently or sequentially
Idiosyncrasy
Genetically determined unpredictable abnormal reactions
Potentiation
Combined effect is greater than the sum of the two drugs acting independently
1+1 >2
________________________
Probencid -Penicillin G
Epinephrine - Procaine
Pharmacology
Science that deals with actions of drugs on living systems
Why is it important to take body weight of an animal into consideration when calculating drug dosage?
Dosages are usually calculated to the average adult individuals
Cross Tolerance
Tolerance due to another drug given
Tolerance
Unusual resistance to the ordinary dose of the drug
Adverse effect of griseofulvin in cats
Liver damage
Synergism
Exaggeration of the effect of a drug by giving another drug that has the same action
1+1 > 2
_________________________
Neuroleptic - Inhalation Anesthetic
Trimethoprim - Sulfonamide
