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RUSVM Pharmacology > Introduction (Shokry) > Flashcards

Introduction (Shokry) Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Drugs can act as antigens or haptens

A

True

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2
Q

Phenoxybenzamine and Epinephrine is an example of _______________ antagonism

A

Phenoxybenzamine and Epinephrine is an example of noncompetitive pharmacological antagonism

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3
Q

Pharmacodynamics involves

A

Action of drugs

Mechanisms of action

Structure-Activity relationships

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4
Q

Factors related to the animal

A

Species

Breed

Individual

Body Weight

Age

Sex

Temperament

Idiosyncrasy

Hypersensitivity

Disease

Tolerance

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5
Q

Adverse effect of captoprin in dogs

A

Renal disease

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6
Q

________ route of administration has a slower onset and longer duration of action.

A

Oral route of administration has a slower onset and longer duration of action.

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7
Q

Factors related to the drug

A

Route of administration

Timing of administration

Cumulation

Drug- drug interaction

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8
Q

Alteration of biotransformation occurs when

A

Enzyme inducers decrease the effects of other drugs or enzyme inhibitors increase the effect of other drugs

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9
Q

Reactive Drug Metabolites (RDM)

A

Bind to cellular macromolecules resulting in cellular damage and usually involve the immune system

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10
Q

Antagonism

A

Administration of a drug results in decrease in the pharmacological response of another drug

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11
Q

Thiopental tolerance when given to an animal under phenobarbital treatment is an example of

A

Cross tolerance

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12
Q

Phenobarbital is an enzyme (inducer/ihibitor)

A

Phenobarbital is an enzyme (inducer/ihibitor)

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13
Q

Drugs that act as antigens cause hypersensitivity reactions by

A

Antigen-Antibody reactions

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14
Q

Chloramphenicol is an enzyme (inducer/ihibitor)

A

Chloramphenicol is an enzyme (inducer/ihibitor)

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15
Q

Acquired tolerance can occur due to

A

Enzyme induction

Increased excretion

Down- regulation of receptors

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16
Q

Three general factors that modify drug dosage and response

A

Factors related to the animal

Factors related to the drug

Factors related to the environment

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17
Q

Alteration of excretion occurs when

A

Urinary alkalinizers enhance renal excretion of weak acidic drugs or when urniary acidifiers enhance excretion of weak basic drugs

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18
Q

Drug

A

Any chemical that is capable of altering biological function

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19
Q

Fluoroquinolones given to young patients cause

A

Fluoroquinolones given to young patients cause cartilage damage

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20
Q

Tetracyclines given in young patients cause

A

Tetracyclines given in young patients cause yellow discoloration of teeth

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21
Q

Clinical signs of idiosyncratic reactions

A

Fever, Urticaria, Anaphylaxis, Hematologic and Organ Toxicities

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22
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

Therapeutic uses of the drug

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23
Q

Glucocorticoids given to young patients cause

A

Glucocorticoids given to young patients cause growth inhibition

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24
Q

Drugs that act as haptens cause hypersensitivity reactions by

A

Interaction with the immune system

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25
Q

Idiosyncratic reactions are typically caused by ______________

A

Idiosyncratic reactions are typically caused by Reactive Drug Metabolites (RDMs)

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26
Q

Adverse effect of enrofloxacin in cats

A

Retinal damage

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27
Q

Examples of drugs that act as haptens

A

Penicillin

Sulfonamides

Aspirin

Morphine

Tubocurarine

28
Q

Collies are sensitive to __________

A

Collies are sensitive to Ivermectin

29
Q

Types of tolerance

A

Natural

Acquired

30
Q

Cumulation

A

Rate of elimination is slower than the rate of absorption

31
Q

Alteration of absorption occurs when

A

Drugs inhibit or enhance absorption of other drugs

32
Q

Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interactions

A

Two drugs act on the same receptors

33
Q

Pharmacokinetics involves

A

Absorption

Distribution

Biotransformation

Excretion

34
Q

Summation

A

Sum of the effects of the drugs

1+1=2

_________________________

Two anticholinergics

35
Q

Antihistamines and barbiturates given to young patients can cause

A

Antihistamines and barbiturates given to young patients can cause hyperactivity

36
Q

Alteration of distribution occurs when

A

Strongly bound drugs to plasma proteins displace weakly bound drugs increasing their effects

37
Q

Epinephrine and Histamine is an example of ___________ antagonism.

A

Epinephrine and Histamine is an example of physiological antagonism.

38
Q

Calcium given orally inhibits absorption of ____________

A

Calcium given orally inhibits absorption of tetracyclines

39
Q

EDTA and Lead is an example of ____________ antagonism

A

EDTA and Lead is an example of chemical antagonism

40
Q

Boxers are sensitive to ___________.

A

Boxers are sensitive to phenothiazines.

41
Q

Competative and Non-Competitive Antagonism are subsets of ____________ Antagonism

A

Competative and Non-Competitive Antagonism are subsets of Pharmacological Antagonism

42
Q

Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions can involve the alteration of

A

Absorption

Distribution

Biotransformation

Excretion

43
Q

Important changes in geriatric patients that modify drug dosage

A

Decreased metabolism, cardiac output, renal function, hepatic blood flow

Chronic disease

Changes in body composition

44
Q

Australian terriers are tolerant to _____________ combination but sensitive to its toxic effects.

A

Australian terriers are tolerant to droperidol-fentanyl combination but sensitive to its toxic effects.

45
Q

Epinephrine SQ inhibits systemic absorption of ______________.

A

Epinephrine SQ inhibits systemic absorption of local anesthetics.

46
Q

Atropine and Acetylcholine is an example of _______________ antagonism

A

Atropine and Acetylcholine is an example of competitive pharmacological antagonism

47
Q

Oral administration, generally, absorption is faster (before/after) meals.

A

Oral administration, generally, absorption is faster (before/after) meals.

48
Q

Types of Antagonism

A

Chemical

Physiological

Pharmacological

49
Q

Prior exposure is required in __________ reactions

A

Prior exposure is required in hypersensitivity reactions

50
Q

Chronic phenobarbital therapy can affect _____________ in young patients.

A

Chronic phenobarbital therapy can affect learning and behavior in young patients.

51
Q

_________ route of administration has a rapid onset and short duration of action

A

Intravenous (IV) route of administration has a rapid onset and short duration of action

52
Q

Important changes in pediatric patients that require dosage modification

A

Decreased drug metabolism, drug excretion, and blood brain barrier

Increased total body water

Decreased plasma protein binding

Susceptibility to adverse effects

53
Q

____________ locally is a local anesthetic but given IV is antiarrhythmic.

A

Lidocaine locally is a local anesthetic but given IV is antiarrhythmic.

54
Q

Undesirable drug reactions are important in using drugs with ________________

A

Undesirable drug reactions are important in using drugs with narrow safety margin

55
Q

Tachyphylaxis

A

Acute acquired tolerance

56
Q

_______________ given orally causes cathartic effect but given IV causes cardiac depression and muscle relaxation

A

Magnesium Sulfate given orally causes cathartic effect but given IV causes cardiac depression and muscle relaxation

57
Q

Environmental factors that can modify drug dosage

A

Ambient temperature

Humidity

Oxygen

58
Q

Drug-Drug Interactions

A

Administration of drugs concurrently or sequentially

59
Q

Idiosyncrasy

A

Genetically determined unpredictable abnormal reactions

60
Q

Potentiation

A

Combined effect is greater than the sum of the two drugs acting independently

1+1 >2

________________________

Probencid -Penicillin G

Epinephrine - Procaine

61
Q

Pharmacology

A

Science that deals with actions of drugs on living systems

62
Q

Why is it important to take body weight of an animal into consideration when calculating drug dosage?

A

Dosages are usually calculated to the average adult individuals

63
Q

Cross Tolerance

A

Tolerance due to another drug given

64
Q

Tolerance

A

Unusual resistance to the ordinary dose of the drug

65
Q

Adverse effect of griseofulvin in cats

A

Liver damage

66
Q

Synergism

A

Exaggeration of the effect of a drug by giving another drug that has the same action

1+1 > 2

_________________________

Neuroleptic - Inhalation Anesthetic

Trimethoprim - Sulfonamide

RUSVM Pharmacology (19 decks)

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