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RUSVM Pharmacology > Autonomic and Somatic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic and Somatic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and secretory cells (glands)

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2
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or flight

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3
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Rest and Digest

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4
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Innervates skeletal muscle

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5
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System originates from

A

Craniosacral plexus

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6
Q

Sympathetic Nevous System originates from

A

Thoracolumbar plexus

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7
Q

Long preganglionic nuron, short post ganglionic neuron

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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8
Q

Short preganglionic neuron, long post ganglionic neuron

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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9
Q

Neurotransmitters of the Autonomic Nervous System

A

Acetylcholine

Nor/epinephrine

Dopamine

Histamine

Serotonin

Nitric Oxide

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10
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Released from presynaptic neuron and broken down by cholinesterases

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11
Q

Norepinephrine is released from

A

Synaptic nerve endings

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12
Q

Epinephrine is released from the

A

Adrenal Glands

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13
Q

Types of cholinergic receptors

A

Nicotinic (Ionotropic)

Muscarinic (Metabotropic)

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14
Q

Cholinergic receptors respond to

A

acetylcholine

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15
Q

Types of adrenergic receptors

A

Alpha and Beta

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16
Q

Adrenergic receptors respond to

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine

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17
Q

SNS

Preganglionic Neuron → _____ → Postganglionic Neuron → _______

A

SNS

Preganglionic Neuron → ACh → Postganglionic Neuron → Epinephrine/Norepinephine

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18
Q

What type of receptor is found at the synapse between the pre and post ganglionic neurons of the SNS?

A

Nicotinic Receptor

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19
Q

What type of receptor is found between the post ganglionic receptor and the target tissue of the SNS?

A

Adrenergic

___________________

Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta-1, Beta-2

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20
Q

PSNS

Preganglionic Neuron → _____ → Postganglionic Neuron → _______

A

PSNS

Preganglionic Neuron → ACh → Postganglionic Neuron → ACh

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21
Q

What type of receptor is found between the pre and post ganglionic neuron in the PSNS?

A

Nicotinic Receptor

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22
Q

What type of receptor is found between the post ganglionic and target tissue in the PSNS?

A

Muscarinic Receptor

_________________

M1 - M5

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23
Q

Neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron of the somatic nevous system?

A

ACh

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24
Q

What type of receptor is fround between the neuron and target tissue in the somatic nervous system?

A

Nicotinic Receptor

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25
Autonomic Drugs
Mimetics Lytics
26
Mimetics
Drugs that stimulate (mimic) autonomic effects
27
Parasympathomimetics
Parasympathetic signs
28
Sympathomimetics
Sympathetic signs
29
Lytics
Drugs that block autonomic effects
30
Parasympatholytic
Sympathetic signs
31
Sympatholytic
Parasympathetic signs
32
Effects of the SNS on the eye
Relaxation of ciliary muscle - far vision Contraction of iris radial muscle Decrease aqueous humor production
33
Effects of the PSNS on the eye
Contraction of ciliary muscle - near vision Contraction of the iris sphincter muscles
34
Mydriasis
Contraction of the iris radial muscle
35
Miosis
Contraction of the iris sphincter muscle
36
Effects of the SNS (Beta-1) on the heart
Increased heart rate Increased contractility Increased automaticity and conduction of AV node
37
Effect of PSNS on the heart
Decreased heart rate Decreased contractility Decreased AV node conduction
38
Effect of alpha-1 SNS on vasculature
Vasoconstriction
39
Effect of Beta-2 SNS on vasculature
Vasodilation
40
Effect of Alpha 2 SNS receptor on vasculature
Either vasoconstriction or vasodilation
41
Effect of PSNS on vasculature
Vasodilation through release of NO
42
Effect of beta-2 SNS receptors on the lung
Bronchodilation
43
Effect of alpha-2 receptors on the lung
Decreased secretion
44
Effect of PSNS on the lungs
Bronchoconstriction Increased respiratory secretions
45
Effect of the SNS (alpha-1, beta-1 and beta-2 receptors) on the GI tract
Decrease motility Close sphincters Inhibit secretion
46
Effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the GI tract
Increase motility Relax sphincters Stimulate secretion
47
Effect of the beta-2 receptor of the SNS on the urinary bladder
Relax detrusor muscle
48
Effect of the alpha-1 receptor of the SNS on the urinary bladder
Contract sphincter
49
Effect of the PSNS on the urinary bladder
Contract detrusor muscle Relax sphincter
50
Autonomic drugs can act in what ways
Direct and Indired
51
Autonomic drugs that are direct acting act on
the receptor
52
Autonomic drugs that are indirect acting act on
something other than the receptor
53
Acetylcholine effects on the PNS
Bradycardia Decreased blood pressure Increased GI motility and secretion Smooth muscle contraction Increased secretions Convulsions Stimulation of autonomic ganglia and adrenal medulla Skeletal muscle contraction
54
Examples of direct acting parasympathomimetics
Acetylcholine Bethanechol (PO) Pilocarpine (opthalamic) Carbachol Muscarine (poisoning)
55
Bethanechol | (Urecholine)
Direct acting parasympathomimic Muscarinic agonist, some selectivity for M3 Minimal Nicotinic activity
56
Indications of Bethanechol
Increase bladder contractility Increase GI motility Treat dysautonomia Stimulate uterine contraction?
57
Cautions of Bethanechol
* Patent urethra and intact * Do not use if GI obstruction present or if increased GI motility is contraindicated
58
Signs of an overdose of Bethanechol
Excessive muscarinic effects - salivation, urination, defecation Life threatening cholinergic signs - bradycardia, bronchospasm
59
Examples of indirect acting parasympathomimetics
* Reversible anticholineesterases * Neostigmine * Pyridostigmine * Edrophonium * Physostigmine (opthalmic) * Demecarium (Opthalmic) * Carbamate insecticides
60
Neostigmine | (Prostigmin)
Indirect acting parasympathomimetic (reversible) "Cholinergic", "Cholinesterase inhibitor", "Anticholinesterase" Oral and Injectable
61
Indications of Neostigmine
* Treatment of rumen atony * Stimulating GI motility, bladder emptying * Reversal of competitive neuromuscular blockers (NMB) * Treatment of myasthenia gravis in dogs
62
Cautions of Neostigmine
Contraindicated in peritonitis, GI obstruction, late pregnancy, presence of other cholinesterase inhibitors
63
Pyridostigmine | (Mestinon)
Indirect acting parasympathetic - reversible "Cholinergic", "Cholinesterase inhibitor", "Anticholinesterase" Oral
64
Pyridostigmin generally lasts (longer/shorter) than Neostigmine
Longer
65
Indications for Pyridostigmine
Treatment of myasthenia gravis in dogs
66
Cautions of Pyridostigmine
Anything contraindicating use of cholinergic agents
67
Edrophonium (Tensilon) (Enlon)
Indirect acting parasympathomimic - reversible "Cholinergic", "Cholinesterase inhibitor", "Anticholinesterase" Injectable
68
Onset and duration of Edrophonium
Onset - 1 minute Duration - 10 minutes
69
Onset of Pyridostigmine
1 hour after dosing
70
Onset and duration of Neostigmine
Onset - 10-30 minutes Duration - 4 hours
71
Indications for Edrophonium
* "Tensilon Test" for myasthenia gravis * Differentiate myasthenic crisis from cholinergic crisis * Reversal of nondepolarizing NMBs
72
Cautions for Edrophonium
Cholinergic signs - mild urination defecation lacrimation Severe Cholinergic Crisis - bronchoconstriction/secretions, bradycardia or tachycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrest
73
Examples of Parasympathomimetics that are indirect acting
Echothiophate (ophthalmic) Organophosphate insecticides (toxicity)
74
Organophosphate Toxicity - Muscarinic Effects
Salivation Lacrimation Urination Defecation Dyspnea Diarrhea Urination Miosis Bronchospasm Emesis
75
Organophosphate toxicicty - Nicotinic Effects
Muscle Tremors Muscle Weakness Muscle Paralysis CNS Effects
76
Examples of Parasympatholytics that are direct acting
Atropine Glycopyrrolate Oxybutynin Propantheline Aminopentamine
77
Effects of Atropine
Tachycardia Mydriasis Dries secretions Reduces salivation Slows gut Bronchodilation Blurred vision Difficulty with urination
78
Atropine Sulfate | (Atroject)
Direct acting parasympatholytic "Anticholinergic" "Antimuscarinic" Injectable, Oral, Opthlamic Drops
79
Systemic Indications of Atropine
* Treatment of bradyarrhythmias/bradycardia * Treatment of toxicity * Treatment of cholinergic crisis - anticholinesterase overdose
80
Cautions of systemic Atopine
* Contraindicated in glaucoma, tachycardia * Certain GI diseases, obstructive uropathy, myasthenia gravis * Rabbits have endogenous atropinases - break down rapidly
81
Glycopyrrolate | (Robinul)
Direct acting parasympatholytic "Anticholinergic" "Antimuscarinic"
82
Onset and duration of Glycopyrrolate
Slower onset of action than Atropine- 30-40min Longer duration than Atropine- hours
83
Indications of Glycopyrrolate
* Anywhere that atropine is indicated but the slower kinetics are favorable - bradyarrhythmias * Pre-Med in asesthesia * Reduce hypersialism
84
Cautions of Glycopyrrolate
Same as atropine, lest likely to cause CNS effects Less arrhythmogenic than Atropine
85
Oxybutynin (Ditropan) Propantheline (Pro-banthinine)
Direct acting parasympatholytic "Anticholinergic" "Antimuscarinic" Oral Tab, ER Tab, Syrup, Topical
86
Effect of Oxybutynin or Propantheline
GI or urinary antispasmodic agent - relaxes the detrusor muscle and allows the bladder to better fill
87
Distribution of Oxybutynin and Propantheline
Oxybutynin is widely distributed Propantheline does not readily cross the BBB
88
Indication of Oxybutynin and Propantheline
Incontinence due to detrusor muscle instability - hyperactive bladder
89
Cautions for oxybutynin and Propantheline
Potential to cause other parasympatholytic signs as for atropine. At normal doses bladder and GI tract appear to be most affected
90
Aminopenamine | (Centrine)
Direct acting parasympotholytic Antispasmodic for GI indications Approved in dogs and cats
91
N-Butylscopolammonium Bromide | (Buscopan)
Direct acting parasympatholytic Antispasmodic for colic in horses Also used to treat bradycardia

RUSVM Pharmacology (19 decks)

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