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RUSVM Pharmacology > Cardiovascular Drugs > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Therapeutic uses of Lidocaine for arrhythmias

A

Class 1 B tachyarrhythmia drug

IV for ventricular arrhythmias due to general anesthetics, surgery, ischemia and trauma

Digitalis induced arrhythmias

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2
Q

Examples of Benzodiazepines

A

Diltizem

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3
Q

Classifications of drugs used to treat Tachyarrhytmias

A

Class I (A, B, C)

Class II

Class III

Class IV

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4
Q

Drug of choice in cats for treatment of Myocardial Hypertrophy

A

Diltiazem

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5
Q

Drug recommended as the first line antihypertensive in cats unless the cause is hyperthyroidism.

A

Amlopdipine

____________________________

Beta Blocker used if caused by hyperthyroidism

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6
Q

Examples of Dihydropyridines

A

Amlodipine

Nifedipine

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7
Q

Mechanism of action of Carvedilol

A

Nonselective beta blocker and alpha1 blocker

Inhibits endothelin (ET) release

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8
Q

Drug of choice to treat atrial fibrillation in horses

A

Quinidine

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9
Q

Drugs used in the treatment of bradyarrythmias

A

Atropine

Isoproterenol

Epinephrine

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10
Q

Classifications of Calcium Channel Blockers

A

Diphenyl Alkylamines

Benzodizepines

Dihydropyridines

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11
Q

Examples of Diphenyl Alkylamines

A

Verapamil

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12
Q

Examples of Direct-Acting Vasodilators

A

Hydralazine

Nitrates

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13
Q

Mechanism of action of Calcium Channel Blockers

A

Inhibit the influx of extracellular calcium → decrease in intracellular calcium inhibits myocardial contraction → dilation of coronary and systemic arteries

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14
Q

Cardiac Stimulants

A

Beta-1 Agonists

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Glucagon

Calcium Salts

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15
Q

Examples of Class III tachyarrhythmia drugs

A

Bretylium

Amiodarone

Sotalol

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16
Q

Other agents used in the treatment of CHF

A

Oxygen therapy

Morphine sulfate

Aminophylline

Nebulization of ethanol

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17
Q

Examples of Angiotension II Antagonists

A

Losartan

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18
Q

Effect of Class III tachyarrhythmia drugs

A

Prolong action potential duration by blocking potassium channels

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19
Q

Examples of Non Selective Alpha Blockers

A

Phentolamine

Phenoxybenzamine

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20
Q

Therapeutic uses of Phenytoin

A

Class 1 B tachyarrhythmia drug

Digitalis induced arrhythmias in dogs ONLY

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21
Q

Predisposing factors of tachyarrhythmias caused by digitalis glycoside use

A

Hypokalemia

Hypomagnesemia

Hypercalcemia

Hypernatremia

Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

Hyposemia

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22
Q

Mechanism of action of Angiotension II Antagonists

A

Competitive antagonist of angiotension II receptors

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23
Q

Examples of Indirect Sympatholytics

A

Bretylium

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24
Q

Sinus bradycardia can be treated with

A

Atropine

Isoproterenol

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25
Types of arrhythmias
Tachyarrhythmia Bradyarrhythmia
26
Drugs used to treat emergency hypertension or hypertensive crisis
Hydralazine or Sodium Nitroprusside IV Propranolol or Acepromazine IV Phentolamine IV Oral Calcium Blockers - Prazosin or ACE Inhibitors
27
Effect of Class I C tachyarrhythmia drugs
No effect on action potential
28
Adverse effects of Pimobendan
Diarrhea Vomiting Inappetence Seizures PU/PD
29
Sympatholytic drug types
Non Selective Alpha-Blockers Selective Alpha1 Blockers Presynaptic Alpha2 Blockers Nonselective Beta-Blockers Selective Beta1 Blockers Beta and Alpha Blockers Indirect Sympatholytics
30
Effects of Digitalis Glycosides on the Kidney
Diuretic effect maily secondary to increased cardiac output
31
Example of Beta and Alpha 1 Blockers
Carvedilol
32
Diuretics used to treat hypertension
Hydrochorothiazide Furosemide
33
Examples of Nitrates
Sodium Nitroprusside Nitroglycerin Isosorbide Dinitrate
34
Categories of drugs used to treat Congestive Heart Failure
Positive Inotropic Drugs Inodilators Vasodilators Diuretics Beta-Blockers
35
Pharmacokinetics of ACE Inhibitors
Oral Administration (Exception - Enalapril) Food reduces absorption of captopril Onset and duration of action variable Activation in liver
36
Therapeutic use of Quinidine
Class 1 A tachyarrhythmia drug Ventricular arrhythmias Atrial fibrillation in horses, cattle and large breeds of dogs
37
Cardiovascular effects of Digitalis Glycosides
Positive inotropic effect Reduction in sinus rate and slowing of AV conduction Prolonged PR intervals in ECG Increased mechanical efficiency of the failing heart Normalization of blood pressure and peripheral resistance
38
Non-drug therapy for congestive heart failure
Restricted Salt Diet Restricted Exercise
39
Examples of Selective Betal 1 Blockers
Atenolol
40
Examples of Nonselective Beta Blockers
Propranolol
41
Atrial Flutter can be treated with
Digoxin Quinidine, Procainamide, Propranolol
42
Pharmacokinetics of Pimobendan
Oral administration Metabolically activated in liver Metabolites excreted in feces Bound to plasma proteins
43
Types of Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias
Atrial Tachycardia Atrial Flutter Atrial Fibrillation
44
ACE Inhibitor that is least likely to require dosage modification in renal failure patients because of significant excretion in bile
Benazepril
45
Treatment of tachyarrhythmias in cats
Beta-blockers are the drugs of choice for both supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias
46
Mechanism of action for Pimobendan
Acts by sensitixation of the cardiac contractile apparatus to calcium by enhancing interaction between calcium and troponin C complex → Increase intracellular calcium and increas myocardial oxygen consumption by inhibiting PDE II and V
47
Mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors
Inhibition of Angiotension Converting Enzyme → Inhibition of Angiotension II synthesis → Inhibition of Aldosterone → Increase in renin → Increased bradykinin
48
Examples of Beta-1 Agonists
Dopamine Dobutamie
49
Examples of Beta-Blockers used to treat CHF
Carvedilol Metoprolol Atenolol
50
Ventricular Premature Complexes can be treated with
Quinidine, Procainamide, Lidocaine Phenytoin Propranolol
51
Ventricular Tachycardia can be treated with
Procainamide, Lidocaine Quinidine, Phenytoin Propranolol
52
ACE inhibitors that are long lasting, only need to be administered once daily
Benazepril Lisinopril
53
Examples of Presynaptic Alpha2 Agonists
Clonidine
54
Examples of Class IV tachyarrhythmia drugs
Verapamil Diltiazem
55
Cardiac Asystole/Cardiac Resuscitation can be treated with
Epinephrine
56
Examples of Inodilators
Pimboendan Inamrinone Milrinone
57
Adverse effects of Digitalis Glycosides
Narrow safety margin Increased sensitivity in cats Tachyarrhythmias Bradyarrhythmias GI signs Alteration of serum potassium
58
Therapeutic uses of Propranolol
Class II tachyarrhythmia drug Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia Digitalis induced tachyarrhythmias Arrhythmias due to inhalation anesthesia
59
Treatment of bradyarrhythmias caused by the use of digitalis glycosides
Drug withdrawal Atropine
60
Effect of Digitalis Glycosides on the Gastrointestinal Tract
GI irritation Vomiting
61
Categories of Diuretics used in treatment of CHF
Loop Diuretics Thaizide Diuretics Potassium Retaining Diuretics
62
Example of Loop Diuretic
Furosemide
63
Class III tachyarrhythmia drug that is a non-selective beta-blocker
Sotalol
64
Vasodilators used to treat hypertension
ACE Inhibitors Angiotension II Antagonists Hydralazine Alpha Blockers
65
Examples of Class I B tachyarrhythmia drugs
Lidocaine Phenytoin Toxainide Mexiletine Aprinidine
66
Atrial Tachycardia can be treated with
Digoxin Procainamide, Propranlol Quinidine, Phenytoin
67
Therapeutic uses of ACE Inhibitors
Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Chronic renal insufficiency - cats
68
Mechanism of action of Digoxin
Inhibits Na K ATPase → increases intracellular calcium resulting in positive inotropic effect
69
Contraindications of Pimobendan
Should not be used in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy When increase of cardiac output is physically impossible
70
Effect of Class I B tachyarrhythmia drugs
Shortens action potential
71
Therapeutic uses of Verapamil and Diltiazem
Class IV tachyarrhythmia drug Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias Myocardial hypertrophy
72
Examples of Class I C tachyarrhythmia drugs
Flecainide Encainide Lorcainide
73
Examples of selective alpha 1 agonist
Phenylephrine
74
Mechanism of action of Hydralazine
Increase local concentrations of PGI2 → inhibits calcium influx into smooth muscle of arteries
75
Examples of Positive Inotropic Drugs
Digitalis glycosides Beta-1 agonists
76
Example of Potassium Retaining Diuretic
Spironolactone Triameterene Amiloride
77
Atrial Fibrillation can be treated with
Digoxin Propranolol Quinidine, Procainamide
78
Mechanism of action of Nitrates on vasculature
Formation of reactive radial nitric oxide (NO) → Activation of Guanylyl cyclase → Increase in cyclic GMP → Stimulation of GMP-dependent protein kinase → Alteration of phosphorylation of proteins and dephosphorylation of myosine light chain → Relaxation of smooth muscle of blood vessels
79
Types of vasodilatory drugs
Sympatholytic Drugs ACE inhibitors Angiotension II Antagonists Direct Acting Vasodilators Calcium Channel Blockers
80
Examples of Class II tachyarrhythmia drugs
Propranolol Timolol Pindolol Oxyprenolol Alprenolol Atenlol Esmolol Metoprolol
81
Treatment of tachyarrhythmias caused by use of digitalis glycosides
Drug withdrawal Potassium IV Anti-arrhythmic drugs Cholestyramine Digoxin Immune Fab
82
Examples of ACE inhibitors
Captopril Enalapril Lisinopril Benazepril
83
84
Effect of Class I A tachyarrhythmia drugs
Prolong action potential
85
Clinical use of Angiotension II Antagonists
Antihypertensive
86
Mechanisms of arrhythmias
Abnormal automaticity Abnormal conduction - reentry Disturbances in both automaticity and impulse conduction
87
Types of ventricular tachyarrhythmias
Ventricular premature complexes Ventricular tachycardia
88
Adverse Effects of ACE Inhibitors
Hypotension Decrease intraglomerular pressure → Decrease GFR → Systemic hypertension and azotemia Captopril - may cause idiosyncratic glomerular disease in dogs, and GI side effects
89
Trade name of Pimobendan
Vetmedin
90
Examples of Vasodilators
ACE Inhibitors Hydralazine Nitrates Prazosin
91
Therapeutic use of Procainamide
Class 1 A tachyarrhythmia drug Ventricular arrhythmias \> Atrial arrhythmias
92
Examples of Nitrates that have an effect on vasculature
Sodium Nitroprusside Nitroglycerin Isosorbide Dinitrate
93
Common Digitalis glycosides
Digitoxin Digoxin
94
Examples of Class I A tachyarrhthymic drugs
Quinidine Procainamide Disopyramide
95
Arrhythmia
Abnormality in heart rate and rhythm - any rhythm that is not normal sinus rhythm
96
Examples of causes of arrhythmia
Imbalance of SNS and PSNS Change in serum potassium, calcium or magnesium Hypoxemia Acidosis Mechanical trauma Myocardial disease Cardiac ischemia Myocardial infaction Drugs
97
Treatment of GI adverse effects caused by digitalis glycosides
Drug withdrawal Fluid Therapy
98
Examples of Selective Alpha 1 Blockers
Prazosin Terazosin Doxazosin
99
Effects of Calcium Channel Blockers on the heart
Negative inotropic effect Negative chronotropic effect Increase oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue Decrease afterload Coronary vasodilation
100
Pharmacokinetics of Digitalis Glycosides
Oral administration or slow IV in emergency Elixir bioavailability \> tablet Metabolized by liver Undergoes enteroheptaic recycling Excretion renal (dogs/horses) or renal and hepatic (cats)
101
Classifications of antihypertensive drugs
Diuretics Beta-Blockers Vasodilators
102
Beta-Blockers used to treat hypertension
Propranolol Atenolol
103
Therapeutic uses of Pimobendan
Congestive Heart Failure - dogs Adjunctive therapy for Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) and Chronic Degenerative Valvular Disease (CVD)
104
Examples of Beta-1 Agonists
Isoproterenol Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine
105
Examples of ACE Inhibitors
Captopril Enalapril Benazepril Lisinopril
106
Examples of nonselective alpha agonists
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
107
Classification of Pimobendan
Positive inotrope and balanced vasodilator
108
Therapeutic uses of Bretylium
Class III tachyarrhythmia drug Refractory and recurrent tachyarrythmias
109
Example of Thiazide Diuretic
Hydrochlorothiazide Chlorothiazide
110
Types of vasoconsticting drugs
Nonselective Alpha Agonists Selective Alpha 1 Agonists Direct and Indirect Sympathomimetics
111
Example of Direct and Indirect Sympathomimetics
Ephedrine Pseudoephedrine Phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
112
Effect of Class II tachyarrhythmia drugs
Beta-blockers
113
Therapeutic uses of Digitalis Glycosides
Congestive Heart Failure Atrial Arrhythmias
114
Adverse effects of Calcium Channel Blockers
Bradycardia and AV block Hypotension GI side effects Elevated liver enzymes
115
Drug of choice to treat Phenochromocytoma- Induced Hypertension
Phenoxybenzamine
116
Mechanism of action of Class IV tachyarrhythmia drugs
Calcium channel blockers
117
Types of bradyarrhythmias
Sinus bradycardia Second-degrre AV block Cardiac asystole- cardiac resuscitation
118
Effects of Calcium Channel Blockers on blood vessels
Decrease peripheral resistance Decrease systemic blood pressue
119
Therapeutic uses of Calcium Channel Blockers
Antiarrhythmic (Class IV) Antihypertensive Myocardial Hypertrophy Antianginal - Ischemic Heart Disease
120
Adverse gastrointestinal effects seen with use of digitalis glycosides
Anorexia Vomiting Diarrhea
121
Mechanism of action of Class I Tachyarrhythmic drugs
Sodium channel blockers
122
Example of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor
Aminophylline
123
Second-Degree AV Blocks can be treated with
Atropine Isoproterenol Glucagon

RUSVM Pharmacology (19 decks)

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