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RUSVM Pharmacology > Cardiovascular Drugs > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Therapeutic uses of Lidocaine for arrhythmias

A

Class 1 B tachyarrhythmia drug

IV for ventricular arrhythmias due to general anesthetics, surgery, ischemia and trauma

Digitalis induced arrhythmias

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2
Q

Examples of Benzodiazepines

A

Diltizem

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3
Q

Classifications of drugs used to treat Tachyarrhytmias

A

Class I (A, B, C)

Class II

Class III

Class IV

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4
Q

Drug of choice in cats for treatment of Myocardial Hypertrophy

A

Diltiazem

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5
Q

Drug recommended as the first line antihypertensive in cats unless the cause is hyperthyroidism.

A

Amlopdipine

____________________________

Beta Blocker used if caused by hyperthyroidism

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6
Q

Examples of Dihydropyridines

A

Amlodipine

Nifedipine

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7
Q

Mechanism of action of Carvedilol

A

Nonselective beta blocker and alpha1 blocker

Inhibits endothelin (ET) release

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8
Q

Drug of choice to treat atrial fibrillation in horses

A

Quinidine

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9
Q

Drugs used in the treatment of bradyarrythmias

A

Atropine

Isoproterenol

Epinephrine

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10
Q

Classifications of Calcium Channel Blockers

A

Diphenyl Alkylamines

Benzodizepines

Dihydropyridines

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11
Q

Examples of Diphenyl Alkylamines

A

Verapamil

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12
Q

Examples of Direct-Acting Vasodilators

A

Hydralazine

Nitrates

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13
Q

Mechanism of action of Calcium Channel Blockers

A

Inhibit the influx of extracellular calcium → decrease in intracellular calcium inhibits myocardial contraction → dilation of coronary and systemic arteries

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14
Q

Cardiac Stimulants

A

Beta-1 Agonists

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Glucagon

Calcium Salts

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15
Q

Examples of Class III tachyarrhythmia drugs

A

Bretylium

Amiodarone

Sotalol

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16
Q

Other agents used in the treatment of CHF

A

Oxygen therapy

Morphine sulfate

Aminophylline

Nebulization of ethanol

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17
Q

Examples of Angiotension II Antagonists

A

Losartan

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18
Q

Effect of Class III tachyarrhythmia drugs

A

Prolong action potential duration by blocking potassium channels

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19
Q

Examples of Non Selective Alpha Blockers

A

Phentolamine

Phenoxybenzamine

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20
Q

Therapeutic uses of Phenytoin

A

Class 1 B tachyarrhythmia drug

Digitalis induced arrhythmias in dogs ONLY

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21
Q

Predisposing factors of tachyarrhythmias caused by digitalis glycoside use

A

Hypokalemia

Hypomagnesemia

Hypercalcemia

Hypernatremia

Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

Hyposemia

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22
Q

Mechanism of action of Angiotension II Antagonists

A

Competitive antagonist of angiotension II receptors

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23
Q

Examples of Indirect Sympatholytics

A

Bretylium

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24
Q

Sinus bradycardia can be treated with

A

Atropine

Isoproterenol

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25
Q

Types of arrhythmias

A

Tachyarrhythmia

Bradyarrhythmia

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26
Q

Drugs used to treat emergency hypertension or hypertensive crisis

A

Hydralazine or Sodium Nitroprusside IV

Propranolol or Acepromazine IV

Phentolamine IV

Oral Calcium Blockers - Prazosin or ACE Inhibitors

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27
Q

Effect of Class I C tachyarrhythmia drugs

A

No effect on action potential

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28
Q

Adverse effects of Pimobendan

A

Diarrhea

Vomiting

Inappetence

Seizures

PU/PD

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29
Q

Sympatholytic drug types

A

Non Selective Alpha-Blockers

Selective Alpha1 Blockers

Presynaptic Alpha2 Blockers

Nonselective Beta-Blockers

Selective Beta1 Blockers

Beta and Alpha Blockers

Indirect Sympatholytics

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30
Q

Effects of Digitalis Glycosides on the Kidney

A

Diuretic effect maily secondary to increased cardiac output

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31
Q

Example of Beta and Alpha 1 Blockers

A

Carvedilol

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32
Q

Diuretics used to treat hypertension

A

Hydrochorothiazide

Furosemide

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33
Q

Examples of Nitrates

A

Sodium Nitroprusside

Nitroglycerin

Isosorbide Dinitrate

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34
Q

Categories of drugs used to treat Congestive Heart Failure

A

Positive Inotropic Drugs

Inodilators

Vasodilators

Diuretics

Beta-Blockers

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35
Q

Pharmacokinetics of ACE Inhibitors

A

Oral Administration (Exception - Enalapril)

Food reduces absorption of captopril

Onset and duration of action variable

Activation in liver

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36
Q

Therapeutic use of Quinidine

A

Class 1 A tachyarrhythmia drug

Ventricular arrhythmias

Atrial fibrillation in horses, cattle and large breeds of dogs

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37
Q

Cardiovascular effects of Digitalis Glycosides

A

Positive inotropic effect

Reduction in sinus rate and slowing of AV conduction

Prolonged PR intervals in ECG

Increased mechanical efficiency of the failing heart

Normalization of blood pressure and peripheral resistance

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38
Q

Non-drug therapy for congestive heart failure

A

Restricted Salt Diet

Restricted Exercise

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39
Q

Examples of Selective Betal 1 Blockers

A

Atenolol

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40
Q

Examples of Nonselective Beta Blockers

A

Propranolol

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41
Q

Atrial Flutter can be treated with

A

Digoxin

Quinidine, Procainamide, Propranolol

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42
Q

Pharmacokinetics of Pimobendan

A

Oral administration

Metabolically activated in liver

Metabolites excreted in feces

Bound to plasma proteins

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43
Q

Types of Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias

A

Atrial Tachycardia

Atrial Flutter

Atrial Fibrillation

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44
Q

ACE Inhibitor that is least likely to require dosage modification in renal failure patients because of significant excretion in bile

A

Benazepril

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45
Q

Treatment of tachyarrhythmias in cats

A

Beta-blockers are the drugs of choice for both supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias

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46
Q

Mechanism of action for Pimobendan

A

Acts by sensitixation of the cardiac contractile apparatus to calcium by enhancing interaction between calcium and troponin C complex → Increase intracellular calcium and increas myocardial oxygen consumption by inhibiting PDE II and V

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47
Q

Mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors

A

Inhibition of Angiotension Converting Enzyme → Inhibition of Angiotension II synthesis → Inhibition of Aldosterone → Increase in renin → Increased bradykinin

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48
Q

Examples of Beta-1 Agonists

A

Dopamine

Dobutamie

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49
Q

Examples of Beta-Blockers used to treat CHF

A

Carvedilol

Metoprolol

Atenolol

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50
Q

Ventricular Premature Complexes can be treated with

A

Quinidine, Procainamide, Lidocaine

Phenytoin

Propranolol

51
Q

Ventricular Tachycardia can be treated with

A

Procainamide, Lidocaine

Quinidine, Phenytoin

Propranolol

52
Q

ACE inhibitors that are long lasting, only need to be administered once daily

A

Benazepril

Lisinopril

53
Q

Examples of Presynaptic Alpha2 Agonists

54
Q

Examples of Class IV tachyarrhythmia drugs

A

Verapamil

Diltiazem

55
Q

Cardiac Asystole/Cardiac Resuscitation can be treated with

A

Epinephrine

56
Q

Examples of Inodilators

A

Pimboendan

Inamrinone

Milrinone

57
Q

Adverse effects of Digitalis Glycosides

A

Narrow safety margin

Increased sensitivity in cats

Tachyarrhythmias

Bradyarrhythmias

GI signs

Alteration of serum potassium

58
Q

Therapeutic uses of Propranolol

A

Class II tachyarrhythmia drug

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

Digitalis induced tachyarrhythmias

Arrhythmias due to inhalation anesthesia

59
Q

Treatment of bradyarrhythmias caused by the use of digitalis glycosides

A

Drug withdrawal

Atropine

60
Q

Effect of Digitalis Glycosides on the Gastrointestinal Tract

A

GI irritation

Vomiting

61
Q

Categories of Diuretics used in treatment of CHF

A

Loop Diuretics

Thaizide Diuretics

Potassium Retaining Diuretics

62
Q

Example of Loop Diuretic

A

Furosemide

63
Q

Class III tachyarrhythmia drug that is a non-selective beta-blocker

64
Q

Vasodilators used to treat hypertension

A

ACE Inhibitors

Angiotension II Antagonists

Hydralazine

Alpha Blockers

65
Q

Examples of Class I B tachyarrhythmia drugs

A

Lidocaine

Phenytoin

Toxainide

Mexiletine

Aprinidine

66
Q

Atrial Tachycardia can be treated with

A

Digoxin

Procainamide, Propranlol

Quinidine, Phenytoin

67
Q

Therapeutic uses of ACE Inhibitors

A

Congestive Heart Failure

Hypertension

Chronic renal insufficiency - cats

68
Q

Mechanism of action of Digoxin

A

Inhibits Na K ATPase → increases intracellular calcium resulting in positive inotropic effect

69
Q

Contraindications of Pimobendan

A

Should not be used in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

When increase of cardiac output is physically impossible

70
Q

Effect of Class I B tachyarrhythmia drugs

A

Shortens action potential

71
Q

Therapeutic uses of Verapamil and Diltiazem

A

Class IV tachyarrhythmia drug

Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias

Myocardial hypertrophy

72
Q

Examples of Class I C tachyarrhythmia drugs

A

Flecainide

Encainide

Lorcainide

73
Q

Examples of selective alpha 1 agonist

A

Phenylephrine

74
Q

Mechanism of action of Hydralazine

A

Increase local concentrations of PGI2 → inhibits calcium influx into smooth muscle of arteries

75
Q

Examples of Positive Inotropic Drugs

A

Digitalis glycosides

Beta-1 agonists

76
Q

Example of Potassium Retaining Diuretic

A

Spironolactone

Triameterene

Amiloride

77
Q

Atrial Fibrillation can be treated with

A

Digoxin

Propranolol

Quinidine, Procainamide

78
Q

Mechanism of action of Nitrates on vasculature

A

Formation of reactive radial nitric oxide (NO) → Activation of Guanylyl cyclase → Increase in cyclic GMP → Stimulation of GMP-dependent protein kinase → Alteration of phosphorylation of proteins and dephosphorylation of myosine light chain → Relaxation of smooth muscle of blood vessels

79
Q

Types of vasodilatory drugs

A

Sympatholytic Drugs

ACE inhibitors

Angiotension II Antagonists

Direct Acting Vasodilators

Calcium Channel Blockers

80
Q

Examples of Class II tachyarrhythmia drugs

A

Propranolol

Timolol

Pindolol

Oxyprenolol

Alprenolol

Atenlol

Esmolol

Metoprolol

81
Q

Treatment of tachyarrhythmias caused by use of digitalis glycosides

A

Drug withdrawal

Potassium IV

Anti-arrhythmic drugs

Cholestyramine

Digoxin Immune Fab

82
Q

Examples of ACE inhibitors

A

Captopril

Enalapril

Lisinopril

Benazepril

84
Q

Effect of Class I A tachyarrhythmia drugs

A

Prolong action potential

85
Q

Clinical use of Angiotension II Antagonists

A

Antihypertensive

86
Q

Mechanisms of arrhythmias

A

Abnormal automaticity

Abnormal conduction - reentry

Disturbances in both automaticity and impulse conduction

87
Q

Types of ventricular tachyarrhythmias

A

Ventricular premature complexes

Ventricular tachycardia

88
Q

Adverse Effects of ACE Inhibitors

A

Hypotension

Decrease intraglomerular pressure → Decrease GFR → Systemic hypertension and azotemia

Captopril - may cause idiosyncratic glomerular disease in dogs, and GI side effects

89
Q

Trade name of Pimobendan

90
Q

Examples of Vasodilators

A

ACE Inhibitors

Hydralazine

Nitrates

Prazosin

91
Q

Therapeutic use of Procainamide

A

Class 1 A tachyarrhythmia drug

Ventricular arrhythmias > Atrial arrhythmias

92
Q

Examples of Nitrates that have an effect on vasculature

A

Sodium Nitroprusside

Nitroglycerin

Isosorbide Dinitrate

93
Q

Common Digitalis glycosides

A

Digitoxin

Digoxin

94
Q

Examples of Class I A tachyarrhthymic drugs

A

Quinidine

Procainamide

Disopyramide

95
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Abnormality in heart rate and rhythm - any rhythm that is not normal sinus rhythm

96
Q

Examples of causes of arrhythmia

A

Imbalance of SNS and PSNS

Change in serum potassium, calcium or magnesium

Hypoxemia

Acidosis

Mechanical trauma

Myocardial disease

Cardiac ischemia

Myocardial infaction

Drugs

97
Q

Treatment of GI adverse effects caused by digitalis glycosides

A

Drug withdrawal

Fluid Therapy

98
Q

Examples of Selective Alpha 1 Blockers

A

Prazosin

Terazosin

Doxazosin

99
Q

Effects of Calcium Channel Blockers on the heart

A

Negative inotropic effect

Negative chronotropic effect

Increase oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue

Decrease afterload

Coronary vasodilation

100
Q

Pharmacokinetics of Digitalis Glycosides

A

Oral administration or slow IV in emergency

Elixir bioavailability > tablet

Metabolized by liver

Undergoes enteroheptaic recycling

Excretion renal (dogs/horses) or renal and hepatic (cats)

101
Q

Classifications of antihypertensive drugs

A

Diuretics

Beta-Blockers

Vasodilators

102
Q

Beta-Blockers used to treat hypertension

A

Propranolol

Atenolol

103
Q

Therapeutic uses of Pimobendan

A

Congestive Heart Failure - dogs

Adjunctive therapy for Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) and Chronic Degenerative Valvular Disease (CVD)

104
Q

Examples of Beta-1 Agonists

A

Isoproterenol

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Dopamine

105
Q

Examples of ACE Inhibitors

A

Captopril

Enalapril

Benazepril

Lisinopril

106
Q

Examples of nonselective alpha agonists

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

107
Q

Classification of Pimobendan

A

Positive inotrope and balanced vasodilator

108
Q

Therapeutic uses of Bretylium

A

Class III tachyarrhythmia drug

Refractory and recurrent tachyarrythmias

109
Q

Example of Thiazide Diuretic

A

Hydrochlorothiazide

Chlorothiazide

110
Q

Types of vasoconsticting drugs

A

Nonselective Alpha Agonists

Selective Alpha 1 Agonists

Direct and Indirect Sympathomimetics

111
Q

Example of Direct and Indirect Sympathomimetics

A

Ephedrine

Pseudoephedrine

Phenylpropanolamine (PPA)

112
Q

Effect of Class II tachyarrhythmia drugs

A

Beta-blockers

113
Q

Therapeutic uses of Digitalis Glycosides

A

Congestive Heart Failure

Atrial Arrhythmias

114
Q

Adverse effects of Calcium Channel Blockers

A

Bradycardia and AV block

Hypotension

GI side effects

Elevated liver enzymes

115
Q

Drug of choice to treat Phenochromocytoma- Induced Hypertension

A

Phenoxybenzamine

116
Q

Mechanism of action of Class IV tachyarrhythmia drugs

A

Calcium channel blockers

117
Q

Types of bradyarrhythmias

A

Sinus bradycardia

Second-degrre AV block

Cardiac asystole- cardiac resuscitation

118
Q

Effects of Calcium Channel Blockers on blood vessels

A

Decrease peripheral resistance

Decrease systemic blood pressue

119
Q

Therapeutic uses of Calcium Channel Blockers

A

Antiarrhythmic (Class IV)

Antihypertensive

Myocardial Hypertrophy

Antianginal - Ischemic Heart Disease

120
Q

Adverse gastrointestinal effects seen with use of digitalis glycosides

A

Anorexia

Vomiting

Diarrhea

121
Q

Mechanism of action of Class I Tachyarrhythmic drugs

A

Sodium channel blockers

122
Q

Example of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor

A

Aminophylline

123
Q

Second-Degree AV Blocks can be treated with

A

Atropine

Isoproterenol

Glucagon

RUSVM Pharmacology (19 decks)

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