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Kinesiology Exam 1 > Introduction pt1 > Flashcards

Introduction pt1 Flashcards

1
Q

sagittal plane

A

is vertical and divides the body into right and left sides

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2
Q

what are the joint motions w/in the sagittal plane

A

flexion and extension

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3
Q

flexion

A

2 segments of the body approaching each other

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4
Q

extension

A

2 segments of the body moving away from each other

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5
Q

hyperextension

A

beyond the normal anatomical position

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6
Q

pure sagittal plane

A

divides the body directly down the middle

equal right and left sides

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7
Q

parasagittal plane

A

sagittal plane moves off center

right and left sides are not equal

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8
Q

frontal plane

A

also named coronal

is vertical and divides the body into front and back parts

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9
Q

what joint motions are in the coronal plane

A

ABD and ADD

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10
Q

ABD

A

position or motion away from midline

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11
Q

ADD

A

position or motion towards midline

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12
Q

transverse

A

also called horizontal

is horizontal and divides the body into upper and lower parts

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13
Q

joint motions of the horizontal plane

A

IR and ER

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14
Q

IR

A

rotation oriented towards the anterior surface of the body

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15
Q

ER

A

rotation oriented towards the posterior surface of the body

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16
Q

where are the three axes of motion located

A

intersection of the 3 planes of space

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17
Q

how is each axis placed

A

perpendicular to the plane in which the motion occurs

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18
Q

frontal axis

A

x axis

the axis passes horizontally from side to side

perpendicular to the sagittal plane

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19
Q

motions that occur around the x axis

A

flexion and extension

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20
Q

vertical axis

A

also called y-axis

axis passes perpendicular to the ground and to the transverse plane

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21
Q

motions that occur around the y-axis

A

IR and ER

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22
Q

sagittal axis

A

z axis

pass horizontally from front to back and is perpendicular to the frontal plane

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23
Q

motions that occur around the z-axis

A

ABD and ADD

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24
Q

2 broad categories of joint design

A

synarthrosis and diarthrosis

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25
Q

what are the 2 joint design categories based on

A

the type of materials and the methods used to unite the bony components

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26
Q

synarthrosis joints

A

no mobile, not synovial joints

material used to connect the surfaces is interosseous connective tissue

fibrous or cartilaginous

firmly joins 2 bones

built for stability

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27
Q

2 types of synarthrosis joints

A

fibrous joints

cartilaginous joints

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28
Q

fibrous joints

A

fibrous tissue directly unites bone to bone

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29
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A

suture joint

gomphosis

syndesmosis

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30
Q

suture joint

A

bones united by thin layer of dense fibrous tissue

found only in the skull

allows very little movement

31
Q

gomphosis joint

A

bony components are adapted to each other like a peg in a hole

b/w the tooth and the mandible or maxilla

32
Q

syndesmosis joint

A

bony components are joined directly by a ligament, cord, or aponeurotic membrane

ex: tibia and fibula w/ a interosseous membrane

33
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

material used is either fibrocartilage or hyaline growth cartilage

34
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

symphysis joint

synchondrosis joint

35
Q

symphysis joint

A

components are directly joined by fibrocartilage in the form of disks or plates

ex: symphysis pubis

36
Q

synchondrosis joint

A

components are connected by hyaline growth cartilage

it forms a bond b/w ossifying centers

ex: 1st sternocostal joint

37
Q

diarthroses joint

A

synovial joints

the bony components are free to move in relation to each other b/c no cartilaginous tissue directly connects adjacent bony surfaces

indirectly connects by means of a joint capsule that encloses the joint

38
Q

accessory structures of diarthrosis joints

A

discs

plates

menisci

labrums

fat pads

ligaments and tendons

39
Q

roles of ligaments and tendons in diarthrosis joints

A

keep joint surfaces together

may assist in guiding motion

ligaments –> bone to bone

tendons –> bone to muscle

40
Q

separation of synovial joints

A

limited by passive tension in static stabilizers of the joint

active tension of muscles also limits separation of joint surfaces (dynamic stabilizers)

41
Q

what are static stabilizers of the joint

A

joint capsule

ligaments

tendons

42
Q

what are dynamic stabilizers of the joint

A

muscles

43
Q

what are the common features of every diarthrodial joint

A

joint capsule

joint cavity

synovial membrane lining

hyaline cartilage covering the bony surfaces

synovial fluid

44
Q

joint capsule

A

has 2 layers

outer layer and inner layer

45
Q

outer layer of the joint capsule

A

stratum fibrosum

dense fibrous tissue

poorly vascularized

richly innervated by joint receptors

46
Q

what can the joint receptors detect

A

rate and direction of movement

compression

tension

vibration

pain

47
Q

inner layer of the joint capsule

A

stratum synovium

highly vascularized

poorly innervated by joint receptors

specialized cells that make hyaluronate

48
Q

what is hyaluronate

A

component of synovial fluid

49
Q

joint cavity

A

is enclosed by the joint capsule

50
Q

synovial membrane lining

A

lines the inner surface of the capsule

51
Q

hyaline cartilage covering the boney surface

A

is a specialized cartilage

allows for friction free motion

can’t heal –> will lead to osteoarthritis is damaged

52
Q

synovial fluid

A

lubricates the joint and reduces friction b/w the bony components

provides nourishment of the articular (hyaline) cartilage

53
Q

3 subclassifications of diarthrodial joints

A

complexity of organization

number and distribution of axes (degrees of freedom)

geometric form

54
Q

complexity of organization

A

simple

compound

complex

55
Q

simple

A

there are 2 articular surfaces

ex: hip joint, head of the femur with the acetabulum

56
Q

compound

A

more than 2 articular surfaces

ex: elbow joint, humerus articulate with the radius and the ulna

57
Q

complex

A

the presence of a disc b/w the surfaces

ex: knee joint, femur articulates w/ menisci, tibia and fibula

58
Q

degrees of freedom

A

non-axial

uni-axial

bi-axial

tri-axial

59
Q

non-axial joint

A

gliding joint (0 degrees of freedom)

no pure motions or axes

ex: carpal bones

60
Q

uni-axial

A

one degree of freedom

motion occurs in only 1 plane around only 1 axis

hinge and pivot joints

ex: interphalangeal joints and elbow joint

61
Q

bi-axial joint

A

two degrees of freedom

has 2 axes and moves in 2 planes

ex: MCP joints of the hand and radiocarpal joints of the wrist

usually condyloid (ellipsoid) and saddle joints

62
Q

tri-axial

A

three degrees of freedom

movement takes place about 3 axes and planes

ex: hip joint

ball and socket joint

63
Q

geometric form classification

A

plane joint

hinge joint

pivot joint

condyloid joint

saddle joint

ball and socket joint

64
Q

plane joint

A

a gliding or non-axial joint

there is gliding b/w 2 or more bones

65
Q

hinge joint

A

ginglymus joint

uni-axial

joint resembles a door hinge

permits motion around a single axis

66
Q

example of a hinge joint

A

IP joints

elbow joint

knee joint

67
Q

pivot joint

A

trochoid

uni-axial

one component is shaped like a ring while the other is shaped so that it can rotate within the ring

68
Q

example of a pivot joint

A

median atlanto-axial joint

69
Q

condyloid joint

A

ellipsoid

bi-axial

surfaces are shaped so that the concave surface of 1 bony component is allowed to slide over the convex surface of another component in 2 direction

70
Q

example of ellipsoid joint

A

MCP joint

71
Q

saddle joint

A

bi axial

each join surface is both convex in one plane and concave in the other and these surfaces are fitted together like a rider on a saddle

72
Q

example of a saddle joint

A

CMC joint of the thumb

73
Q

ball and socket joint

A

tri-axial

joints in which the bony components are free to move in 3 planes around 3 axes

formed by a ball like convex surface being fitted into a concave socket

74
Q

example of a ball and socket joint

A

hip joint

Kinesiology Exam 1 (9 decks)

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