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Kinesiology Exam 1 > BIomechanics > Flashcards

BIomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

biomechanics

A

the study of mechanical laws and principles as they relate to the human body

can be divided into statistics and dynamics

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2
Q

statics biomechanics

A

the study of bodies remaining at rest or at equilibrium as a result of the forces acting on them

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3
Q

dynamics biomechanics

A

the study of moving bodies

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4
Q

kinetics

A

the area of biomechanics concerned w/ the forces producing motion or maintaining equilibrium

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5
Q

kinematics

A

the area of biomechanics that includes descriptions of motion w/o regard for the forces producing the motion

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6
Q

what does kinematics allow

A

to visualize the motion, but no regards to how the motion occurs

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7
Q

force

A

any energy that tends to cause or change the movement of a body

gravity and muscles in biomechanics (main forces)

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8
Q

resistance

A

the body weight or external load

ex: holding out body up against gravity or 2 lb weight on the ankle

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9
Q

vector

A

a force that has magnitude, direction, line application and a point of application

ex: force vectors and resistance vectors

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10
Q

open kinematic chain

A

refer to movements that occur when the distal segment moves freely in space

  • results in isolated joint movement

-distal segments –> our feet or our hands

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11
Q

closed kinetic chain

A

refers to movements that occur when the distal segment (hands, feet) is fixed and the body moves over that segment

movement at one joint results in simultaneous movements of all other joints in the kinematic chain (predictable manner)

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12
Q

mechanical systems in the body

A

3

lever system

wheel and axel system

pulley system

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13
Q

lever

A

any rigid object free to turn about a center of rotation when a force is applied

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14
Q

what are levers in the body

A

bones

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15
Q

force (lever system)

A

vector quantity

the energy that tends to cause rotation of the lever

usually muscles

denoted with a “F”

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16
Q

resistance (lever system)

A

vector quantity

the energy that tends to stop or resist rotation

usually body weight or an external load

denoted w/ a “R”

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17
Q

axis

A

the point around which the lever will rotate

joints

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18
Q

force arm

A

the perpendicular distance from the application of the force to the axis

denoted with “f”

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19
Q

other names of force arms

A

moment arm

lever arm

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20
Q

resistance arm

A

the perpendicular distance from the application of the resistance to the axis

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21
Q

point of application

A

both resistance and force vectors have a point of application

force vector point of application: muscle insertion

external load, point of application: where the object is applied

external load, weight of a body part: COG of body part

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22
Q

action line

A

indicates the pull toward the source or push away from the source

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23
Q

torque

A

the ability of a force to cause rotation of a lever

T = F x d

d=the shortest distance b/w the action line of the applied force and the axis of the lever, perpendicular tot he action line of the force and intersecting the axis

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24
Q

units of measure for torque

A

foot-pounds or inch-pounds

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25
when is the lever at equilibrium
when the sum of all the torques are 0
26
first class levers
when 2 resultant forces are applied on either side of an axis, at some distance from that axis creating rotation in opposite directions ex: seesaw
27
example of first class lever in the body
triceps at the elbow
28
what do first class levers function to do
balance forces
29
relationship b/w force arm and resistance arm in first class levers
force arm may be greater than, smaller than or equal to the resistance arm
30
where is the axis located in a first class lever
anywhere b/w the force and resistance w/o changing the class of the lever
31
second class levers
whenever 2 resultant forces are applied so that the resistance lies b/w the force and the axis
32
relationship b/w fa and ra in second class levers
fa is always greater than ra force arm > resistance arm
33
example of second class lever in the body
gastroc/soleus at the ankle when lifting the body around the axis of the toes
34
second class levers function to
magnify forces will have a mechanical advantage d/t always having a larger force you can use less force to move a given resistance
35
third class lever
exist whenever forces on a lever are applied so that the force lies closer to the axis of the lever than the resistance does
36
fa and ra relationship in third class levers
force arm is always smaller than the resistance arm
37
example of third class lever in the body
biceps working against gravity most muscles that create rotation of their distal segments are third class levers
38
what do third class levers give us
ROM and mobility function to increase the distance over which an object can be moved muscle must work harder but will sacrifice that to give us ROM
39
2 types of wheel and axis systems
rim driven axel driven
40
rim driven wheel and axis system
the force is applied at the rim force arm is the radius of the circle tend to magnify the force
41
example of rim driven
thoracic rotation by the obliques and abdominals
42
axel driven
the force is applied at the axel the force arm is the radius of the axel will tend to produce ROM, speed, distance but will sacrifice force
43
example of axel driven
thoracic rotation produced by small muscles of the back there muscles have a small force arm and have to work harder but will produce a large ROM
44
pulley system
when the direction of a muscle pull is altered, the bone or prominence causing the deflection forms an anatomic pulley pulley will change direction but not the magnitude of a muscle force change results in improved ability of the muscle to generate force
45
in what direction is the the change of direction
away from the axis of the joint being crossed this results in the movement arm of the muscle force is increased muscle is able to produce more torque
46
example of pulley system in the body
patella is a pulley that improves the quadriceps ability to produce torque
47
force couple
lever system is which 2 forces of equal magnitude working at a distance from each other in opposite directions to produce rotation
48
what is the force coupe muscles are equal in magnitude
you will only get rotation
49
what if the force couple are not equal is magnitude
you will get some linear motion
50
example of force couple
anterior/posterior pelvic tilt abdominals with hamstrings/glutes
51
types of force systems
linear parallel concurrent
52
parallel
when two or more parallel forces act on the same object at some distance from each other and at some distance from the axis around at which the lever will rotate
53
mechanical advantage
a measure of the efficiency of a lever the effectiveness of the effort force as compared to resistance
54
Mad =
fa/ra
55
fa > ra then
mechanical advantage is greater than 1 small effort force can create more torque and overcome a larger resistance
56
tradeoff of mechanical advantage
the muscle force pulls at its point of application through a small arc so the the distal portion of the lever is moving through a greater arc required muscle force is greater, but results in a larger ROM and increased speed of the distal segment
57
composition force
in a parallel force system all forces causing rotation in one direction can be represented by a single vector acting in the same direction with a magnitude equal to the sum of the composing forces a resultant
58
resolution force
the process of resolving a force into 2 or more components taking the forces apart
59
what happens when a force is applied to a lver at 90 degrees
all force goes into causing movement or rotation of the lever
60
what happens when a force is applied at any other degrees besides 90
force applied is "Wasted" as the force isnt contributing to only rotations but some translation
61
rotary component
right angle to the lever part of the force that moves the lever or is the lever is in equilibrium, part that holds it in place
62
translatory component
drawn parallel to the lever portion of the force applied toward linear movement of the lever
63
what happens when the translatory component is towards the joint
compresses the joint for stability
64
what happens when the translatory component is away from the joint
distracts the joint resulting in less stability
65
muscle force
when the force you are resolving is a muscle force it is always located b/w the 2 component forces

Kinesiology Exam 1 (9 decks)

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