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Kinesiology Exam 1 > BIomechanics > Flashcards

BIomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

biomechanics

A

the study of mechanical laws and principles as they relate to the human body

can be divided into statistics and dynamics

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2
Q

statics biomechanics

A

the study of bodies remaining at rest or at equilibrium as a result of the forces acting on them

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3
Q

dynamics biomechanics

A

the study of moving bodies

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4
Q

kinetics

A

the area of biomechanics concerned w/ the forces producing motion or maintaining equilibrium

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5
Q

kinematics

A

the area of biomechanics that includes descriptions of motion w/o regard for the forces producing the motion

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6
Q

what does kinematics allow

A

to visualize the motion, but no regards to how the motion occurs

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7
Q

force

A

any energy that tends to cause or change the movement of a body

gravity and muscles in biomechanics (main forces)

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8
Q

resistance

A

the body weight or external load

ex: holding out body up against gravity or 2 lb weight on the ankle

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9
Q

vector

A

a force that has magnitude, direction, line application and a point of application

ex: force vectors and resistance vectors

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10
Q

open kinematic chain

A

refer to movements that occur when the distal segment moves freely in space

  • results in isolated joint movement

-distal segments –> our feet or our hands

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11
Q

closed kinetic chain

A

refers to movements that occur when the distal segment (hands, feet) is fixed and the body moves over that segment

movement at one joint results in simultaneous movements of all other joints in the kinematic chain (predictable manner)

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12
Q

mechanical systems in the body

A

3

lever system

wheel and axel system

pulley system

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13
Q

lever

A

any rigid object free to turn about a center of rotation when a force is applied

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14
Q

what are levers in the body

A

bones

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15
Q

force (lever system)

A

vector quantity

the energy that tends to cause rotation of the lever

usually muscles

denoted with a “F”

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16
Q

resistance (lever system)

A

vector quantity

the energy that tends to stop or resist rotation

usually body weight or an external load

denoted w/ a “R”

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17
Q

axis

A

the point around which the lever will rotate

joints

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18
Q

force arm

A

the perpendicular distance from the application of the force to the axis

denoted with “f”

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19
Q

other names of force arms

A

moment arm

lever arm

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20
Q

resistance arm

A

the perpendicular distance from the application of the resistance to the axis

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21
Q

point of application

A

both resistance and force vectors have a point of application

force vector point of application: muscle insertion

external load, point of application: where the object is applied

external load, weight of a body part: COG of body part

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22
Q

action line

A

indicates the pull toward the source or push away from the source

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23
Q

torque

A

the ability of a force to cause rotation of a lever

T = F x d

d=the shortest distance b/w the action line of the applied force and the axis of the lever, perpendicular tot he action line of the force and intersecting the axis

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24
Q

units of measure for torque

A

foot-pounds or inch-pounds

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25
Q

when is the lever at equilibrium

A

when the sum of all the torques are 0

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26
Q

first class levers

A

when 2 resultant forces are applied on either side of an axis, at some distance from that axis

creating rotation in opposite directions

ex: seesaw

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27
Q

example of first class lever in the body

A

triceps at the elbow

28
Q

what do first class levers function to do

A

balance forces

29
Q

relationship b/w force arm and resistance arm in first class levers

A

force arm may be greater than, smaller than or equal to the resistance arm

30
Q

where is the axis located in a first class lever

A

anywhere b/w the force and resistance w/o changing the class of the lever

31
Q

second class levers

A

whenever 2 resultant forces are applied so that the resistance lies b/w the force and the axis

32
Q

relationship b/w fa and ra in second class levers

A

fa is always greater than ra

force arm > resistance arm

33
Q

example of second class lever in the body

A

gastroc/soleus at the ankle when lifting the body around the axis of the toes

34
Q

second class levers function to

A

magnify forces

will have a mechanical advantage d/t always having a larger force

you can use less force to move a given resistance

35
Q

third class lever

A

exist whenever forces on a lever are applied so that the force lies closer to the axis of the lever than the resistance does

36
Q

fa and ra relationship in third class levers

A

force arm is always smaller than the resistance arm

37
Q

example of third class lever in the body

A

biceps working against gravity

most muscles that create rotation of their distal segments are third class levers

38
Q

what do third class levers give us

A

ROM and mobility

function to increase the distance over which an object can be moved

muscle must work harder but will sacrifice that to give us ROM

39
Q

2 types of wheel and axis systems

A

rim driven

axel driven

40
Q

rim driven wheel and axis system

A

the force is applied at the rim

force arm is the radius of the circle

tend to magnify the force

41
Q

example of rim driven

A

thoracic rotation by the obliques and abdominals

42
Q

axel driven

A

the force is applied at the axel

the force arm is the radius of the axel

will tend to produce ROM, speed, distance but will sacrifice force

43
Q

example of axel driven

A

thoracic rotation produced by small muscles of the back

there muscles have a small force arm and have to work harder but will produce a large ROM

44
Q

pulley system

A

when the direction of a muscle pull is altered, the bone or prominence causing the deflection forms an anatomic pulley

pulley will change direction but not the magnitude of a muscle force

change results in improved ability of the muscle to generate force

45
Q

in what direction is the the change of direction

A

away from the axis of the joint being crossed

this results in the movement arm of the muscle force is increased

muscle is able to produce more torque

46
Q

example of pulley system in the body

A

patella is a pulley that improves the quadriceps ability to produce torque

47
Q

force couple

A

lever system is which 2 forces of equal magnitude working at a distance from each other in opposite directions to produce rotation

48
Q

what is the force coupe muscles are equal in magnitude

A

you will only get rotation

49
Q

what if the force couple are not equal is magnitude

A

you will get some linear motion

50
Q

example of force couple

A

anterior/posterior pelvic tilt

abdominals with hamstrings/glutes

51
Q

types of force systems

A

linear

parallel

concurrent

52
Q

parallel

A

when two or more parallel forces act on the same object at some distance from each other and at some distance from the axis around at which the lever will rotate

53
Q

mechanical advantage

A

a measure of the efficiency of a lever

the effectiveness of the effort force as compared to resistance

54
Q

Mad =

A

fa/ra

55
Q

fa > ra then

A

mechanical advantage is greater than 1

small effort force can create more torque and overcome a larger resistance

56
Q

tradeoff of mechanical advantage

A

the muscle force pulls at its point of application through a small arc so the the distal portion of the lever is moving through a greater arc

required muscle force is greater, but results in a larger ROM and increased speed of the distal segment

57
Q

composition force

A

in a parallel force system

all forces causing rotation in one direction can be represented by a single vector acting in the same direction with a magnitude equal to the sum of the composing forces

a resultant

58
Q

resolution force

A

the process of resolving a force into 2 or more components

taking the forces apart

59
Q

what happens when a force is applied to a lver at 90 degrees

A

all force goes into causing movement or rotation of the lever

60
Q

what happens when a force is applied at any other degrees besides 90

A

force applied is “Wasted” as the force isnt contributing to only rotations but some translation

61
Q

rotary component

A

right angle to the lever

part of the force that moves the lever or is the lever is in equilibrium, part that holds it in place

62
Q

translatory component

A

drawn parallel to the lever

portion of the force applied toward linear movement of the lever

63
Q

what happens when the translatory component is towards the joint

A

compresses the joint for stability

64
Q

what happens when the translatory component is away from the joint

A

distracts the joint resulting in less stability

65
Q

muscle force

A

when the force you are resolving is a muscle force

it is always located b/w the 2 component forces

Kinesiology Exam 1 (9 decks)

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