Introduction Plus Fe Flashcards
Where is iron stored
Liver, spleen, bone marrow
Storage form of Fe
Ferritin
Iron transport protein
Transferrin
Aggregates of ferritin
Hemosiderin
Significantly high levels of iron
Iron overload
Causes of iron overload
Hemolytic anemia
Lead poisoning
Pernicious anemia
Acute hepatitis
Measures transferrin level
Total iron binding capacity
Significantly low levels of iron
Iron deficiency
Causes of iron deficiency
Chronic blood loss
Uremia
Impaired release of iron from RES due to infection
Acute hemorrhage
Explain serum iron analysis
Acidification using HCl to convert ferrous ion to ferric ion. Addition of glycolic acid or ascorbic acid to reduce ferric ion to shit (d ko mbsa HO). Change in solution’s color as the color indicator, tripyrifuck (d ko mbsa ulit) basta TPTZ or bathophenanthroline
It is involved in the transport of oxygen like phosphate
Ironnn
N.V. For iron
M: 66-170 ug/dl
F: 50-170 ug/dl
Ions capable of carrying an electric charge
Electrolytes
2 types of ions based on their electrical charge
Cations (+)
Anions (-)
Explain ions migrating capabilities.
Cations migrate towards the cathode.
Anions migrate towards the anode.
Electrolytes involved in volume and osmotic regulation
Na+, Cl-, K+
Electrolytes involved in myocardial rhythm and contractility
K+, Mg2+, Ca2+
Electrolytes acting as cofactors in enzyme activation
Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+
Electrolytes involved in the regulation of ATPase ion pumps
Mg2+, Na+, K+
Electrolytes involved in acid-base balance
HCO3-, K+, Cl-
Electrolytes involved in blood coagulation
Mg2+, Ca2+
Electolytes involved in neuromuscular excitability
K+, Mg2+, Ca2+
Electrolytes involved in the production and use of ATP from glucose
Mg2+, PO4-
Processes in which electrolytes are essential.
Volume and osmotic regulation Myocardial rhythm and contractility Cofactors in enzyme regulation Regulation of ATPase ion pumps Acid-base balance Blood coagulation Neuromuscular excitability Production and use of ATP from glucose
Women have lower average water content than males bec?
Higher fat content
Average water content of the human body
40-75% but also depends on body weight
Fluid inside the cells
Intracellular fluid
Water that Surrounds the cells in the tissue
Interstitial cell fluid
With energy; acts against concentration gradient
Active transport
Accounts for about 1/3 of total body water
Extracellular fluid
The passive movement of ions across a membrane
Diffusion
Percentage of water in normal plasma
93%
Water in plasma
Intravascular extracellular fluid
Normal plasma osmolality
Approx. 275-295m Osm/kg of plasma H2
A physical property of a solution that is based on the concentration of solutes per kilogram of solvent expressed as millimoles per kg of solvent (w/w)
Osmolality
Measured in millimoles per liter (w/v)
Osmolarity
Osmolarity is inaccurate in cases of:
Hyperlipidemia and hyperproteinemia
For urine specimens
In presence of osmotically active substances (ex. alcohol and mannitol)
Enumerate the transport processes
Active transport
Passive transport
High osmolality means that there is less water than solute
Water deficit
Low osmolality means that there is more water than solute
Water excess
Hypernatremia means that there is less water than sodium
Water deficit
Hyponatremia means that there is more water than sodium
Water excess
ADH effect on water
ADH prevents water loss
ADH is produced where?
Hypothalamus but stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland
Explain osmolality regulation/correlation
If High osmolality is sensed, hypothalamus is stimulated to produce ADH and the sensation of thirst. Being thirsty, one is compelled to consume more fluids not unless one if of old age, an infant, with mental impairment or just lazy. Consuming more fluids will increase water content in ECF that will dilute elevated solute and will eventually lower osmolality.
It is the parameter to which the hypothalamus responds
Osmolality
Sodium concentration in plasma is affected by:
Osmolality
Blood volume
Clinical significance of osmolality
- the parameter to which hypothalamus responds
- affects the sodium concentration in plasma
Shits that have Normally high osmolality
Sodium, urea, glucose
How: Calculation of osmolality
D ko rin maintindihan, pakibasa na lang tapos explain niyo sakin. Thanks.
An estimate of the true osmolality or to determine the osmolal gap
- the difference bet the measurement and calculated osmolality - indirectly indicates the presence of the osmotically active substances other than sodium, urea or glucose
Calculation of osmolality????
Reference ranges of water
Serum: 275-295 mOsm/kg Urine (24hr): 300-900 mOsm/kg Urine/serum ratio: 1.0-3.0 Random urine: 50-1200 mOsm/kg Osmolal gap: 5-10 mOsm/kg
