Introduction Plus Fe

Question 0

Where is iron stored

Answer 0

Liver, spleen, bone marrow

Question 1

Storage form of Fe

Answer 1

Ferritin

Question 2

Iron transport protein

Answer 2

Transferrin

Question 3

Aggregates of ferritin

Answer 3

Hemosiderin

Question 4

Significantly high levels of iron

Answer 4

Iron overload

Question 5

Causes of iron overload

Answer 5

Hemolytic anemia
Lead poisoning
Pernicious anemia
Acute hepatitis

Question 6

Measures transferrin level

Answer 6

Total iron binding capacity

Question 7

Significantly low levels of iron

Answer 7

Iron deficiency

Question 8

Causes of iron deficiency

Answer 8

Chronic blood loss
Uremia
Impaired release of iron from RES due to infection
Acute hemorrhage

Question 9

Explain serum iron analysis

Answer 9

Acidification using HCl to convert ferrous ion to ferric ion. Addition of glycolic acid or ascorbic acid to reduce ferric ion to shit (d ko mbsa HO). Change in solution’s color as the color indicator, tripyrifuck (d ko mbsa ulit) basta TPTZ or bathophenanthroline

Question 10

It is involved in the transport of oxygen like phosphate

Answer 10

Ironnn

Question 11

N.V. For iron

Answer 11

M: 66-170 ug/dl
F: 50-170 ug/dl

Question 12

Ions capable of carrying an electric charge

Answer 12

Electrolytes

Question 13

2 types of ions based on their electrical charge

Answer 13

Cations (+)

Anions (-)

Question 14

Explain ions migrating capabilities.

Answer 14

Cations migrate towards the cathode.

Anions migrate towards the anode.

Question 15

Electrolytes involved in volume and osmotic regulation

Answer 15

Na+, Cl-, K+

Question 16

Electrolytes involved in myocardial rhythm and contractility

Answer 16

K+, Mg2+, Ca2+

Question 17

Electrolytes acting as cofactors in enzyme activation

Answer 17

Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+

Question 18

Electrolytes involved in the regulation of ATPase ion pumps

Answer 18

Mg2+, Na+, K+

Question 19

Electrolytes involved in acid-base balance

Answer 19

HCO3-, K+, Cl-

Question 20

Electrolytes involved in blood coagulation

Answer 20

Mg2+, Ca2+

Question 21

Electolytes involved in neuromuscular excitability

Answer 21

K+, Mg2+, Ca2+

Question 22

Electrolytes involved in the production and use of ATP from glucose

Answer 22

Mg2+, PO4-

Question 23

Processes in which electrolytes are essential.

Answer 23

Volume and osmotic regulation
Myocardial rhythm and contractility
Cofactors in enzyme regulation
Regulation of ATPase ion pumps
Acid-base balance
Blood coagulation
Neuromuscular excitability
Production and use of ATP from glucose

Question 24

Women have lower average water content than males bec?

Answer 24

Higher fat content

Question 25

Average water content of the human body

Answer 25

40-75% but also depends on body weight

Question 26

Fluid inside the cells

Answer 26

Intracellular fluid

Question 27

Water that Surrounds the cells in the tissue

Answer 27

Interstitial cell fluid

Question 28

With energy; acts against concentration gradient

Answer 28

Active transport

Question 29

Accounts for about 1/3 of total body water

Answer 29

Extracellular fluid

Question 30

The passive movement of ions across a membrane

Answer 30

Diffusion

Question 31

Percentage of water in normal plasma

Answer 31

93%

Question 32

Water in plasma

Answer 32

Intravascular extracellular fluid

Question 33

Normal plasma osmolality

Answer 33

Approx. 275-295m Osm/kg of plasma H2

Question 34

A physical property of a solution that is based on the concentration of solutes per kilogram of solvent expressed as millimoles per kg of solvent (w/w)

Answer 34

Osmolality

Question 35

Measured in millimoles per liter (w/v)

Answer 35

Osmolarity

Question 36

Osmolarity is inaccurate in cases of:

Answer 36

Hyperlipidemia and hyperproteinemia For urine specimens In presence of osmotically active substances (ex. alcohol and mannitol)

Question 37

Enumerate the transport processes

Answer 37

Active transport | Passive transport

Question 38

High osmolality means that there is less water than solute

Answer 38

Water deficit

Question 39

Low osmolality means that there is more water than solute

Answer 39

Water excess

Question 40

Hypernatremia means that there is less water than sodium

Answer 40

Water deficit

Question 41

Hyponatremia means that there is more water than sodium

Answer 41

Water excess

Question 42

ADH effect on water

Answer 42

ADH prevents water loss

Question 43

ADH is produced where?

Answer 43

Hypothalamus but stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland

Question 44

Explain osmolality regulation/correlation

Answer 44

If High osmolality is sensed, hypothalamus is stimulated to produce ADH and the sensation of thirst. Being thirsty, one is compelled to consume more fluids not unless one if of old age, an infant, with mental impairment or just lazy. Consuming more fluids will increase water content in ECF that will dilute elevated solute and will eventually lower osmolality.

Question 45

It is the parameter to which the hypothalamus responds

Answer 45

Osmolality

Question 46

Sodium concentration in plasma is affected by:

Answer 46

Osmolality | Blood volume

Question 47

Clinical significance of osmolality

Answer 47

- the parameter to which hypothalamus responds | - affects the sodium concentration in plasma

Question 48

Shits that have Normally high osmolality

Answer 48

Sodium, urea, glucose

Question 49

How: Calculation of osmolality

Answer 49

D ko rin maintindihan, pakibasa na lang tapos explain niyo sakin. Thanks.

Question 50

An estimate of the true osmolality or to determine the osmolal gap - the difference bet the measurement and calculated osmolality - indirectly indicates the presence of the osmotically active substances other than sodium, urea or glucose

Answer 50

Calculation of osmolality????

Question 51

Reference ranges of water

Answer 51

``` Serum: 275-295 mOsm/kg Urine (24hr): 300-900 mOsm/kg Urine/serum ratio: 1.0-3.0 Random urine: 50-1200 mOsm/kg Osmolal gap: 5-10 mOsm/kg ```