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Clinical Microscopy > Introduction Plus Fe > Flashcards

Introduction Plus Fe Flashcards

0
Q

Where is iron stored

A

Liver, spleen, bone marrow

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1
Q

Storage form of Fe

A

Ferritin

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2
Q

Iron transport protein

A

Transferrin

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3
Q

Aggregates of ferritin

A

Hemosiderin

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4
Q

Significantly high levels of iron

A

Iron overload

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5
Q

Causes of iron overload

A

Hemolytic anemia
Lead poisoning
Pernicious anemia
Acute hepatitis

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6
Q

Measures transferrin level

A

Total iron binding capacity

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7
Q

Significantly low levels of iron

A

Iron deficiency

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8
Q

Causes of iron deficiency

A

Chronic blood loss
Uremia
Impaired release of iron from RES due to infection
Acute hemorrhage

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9
Q

Explain serum iron analysis

A

Acidification using HCl to convert ferrous ion to ferric ion. Addition of glycolic acid or ascorbic acid to reduce ferric ion to shit (d ko mbsa HO). Change in solution’s color as the color indicator, tripyrifuck (d ko mbsa ulit) basta TPTZ or bathophenanthroline

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10
Q

It is involved in the transport of oxygen like phosphate

A

Ironnn

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11
Q

N.V. For iron

A

M: 66-170 ug/dl
F: 50-170 ug/dl

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12
Q

Ions capable of carrying an electric charge

A

Electrolytes

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13
Q

2 types of ions based on their electrical charge

A

Cations (+)

Anions (-)

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14
Q

Explain ions migrating capabilities.

A

Cations migrate towards the cathode.

Anions migrate towards the anode.

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15
Q

Electrolytes involved in volume and osmotic regulation

A

Na+, Cl-, K+

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16
Q

Electrolytes involved in myocardial rhythm and contractility

A

K+, Mg2+, Ca2+

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17
Q

Electrolytes acting as cofactors in enzyme activation

A

Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+

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18
Q

Electrolytes involved in the regulation of ATPase ion pumps

A

Mg2+, Na+, K+

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19
Q

Electrolytes involved in acid-base balance

A

HCO3-, K+, Cl-

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20
Q

Electrolytes involved in blood coagulation

A

Mg2+, Ca2+

21
Q

Electolytes involved in neuromuscular excitability

A

K+, Mg2+, Ca2+

22
Q

Electrolytes involved in the production and use of ATP from glucose

A

Mg2+, PO4-

23
Q

Processes in which electrolytes are essential.

A 
Volume and osmotic regulation
Myocardial rhythm and contractility
Cofactors in enzyme regulation
Regulation of ATPase ion pumps
Acid-base balance
Blood coagulation
Neuromuscular excitability
Production and use of ATP from glucose
24
Q

Women have lower average water content than males bec?

A

Higher fat content

25
Q

Average water content of the human body

A

40-75% but also depends on body weight

26
Q

Fluid inside the cells

A

Intracellular fluid

27
Q

Water that Surrounds the cells in the tissue

A

Interstitial cell fluid

28
Q

With energy; acts against concentration gradient

A

Active transport

29
Q

Accounts for about 1/3 of total body water

A

Extracellular fluid

30
Q

The passive movement of ions across a membrane

A

Diffusion

31
Q

Percentage of water in normal plasma

A

93%

32
Q

Water in plasma

A

Intravascular extracellular fluid

33
Q

Normal plasma osmolality

A

Approx. 275-295m Osm/kg of plasma H2

34
Q

A physical property of a solution that is based on the concentration of solutes per kilogram of solvent expressed as millimoles per kg of solvent (w/w)

A

Osmolality

35
Q

Measured in millimoles per liter (w/v)

A

Osmolarity

36
Q

Osmolarity is inaccurate in cases of:

A

Hyperlipidemia and hyperproteinemia
For urine specimens
In presence of osmotically active substances (ex. alcohol and mannitol)

37
Q

Enumerate the transport processes

A

Active transport

Passive transport

38
Q

High osmolality means that there is less water than solute

A

Water deficit

39
Q

Low osmolality means that there is more water than solute

A

Water excess

40
Q

Hypernatremia means that there is less water than sodium

A

Water deficit

41
Q

Hyponatremia means that there is more water than sodium

A

Water excess

42
Q

ADH effect on water

A

ADH prevents water loss

43
Q

ADH is produced where?

A

Hypothalamus but stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland

44
Q

Explain osmolality regulation/correlation

A

If High osmolality is sensed, hypothalamus is stimulated to produce ADH and the sensation of thirst. Being thirsty, one is compelled to consume more fluids not unless one if of old age, an infant, with mental impairment or just lazy. Consuming more fluids will increase water content in ECF that will dilute elevated solute and will eventually lower osmolality.

45
Q

It is the parameter to which the hypothalamus responds

A

Osmolality

46
Q

Sodium concentration in plasma is affected by:

A

Osmolality

Blood volume

47
Q

Clinical significance of osmolality

A
  • the parameter to which hypothalamus responds

- affects the sodium concentration in plasma

48
Q

Shits that have Normally high osmolality

A

Sodium, urea, glucose

49
Q

How: Calculation of osmolality

A

D ko rin maintindihan, pakibasa na lang tapos explain niyo sakin. Thanks.

50
Q

An estimate of the true osmolality or to determine the osmolal gap

- the difference bet the measurement and calculated osmolality
- indirectly indicates the presence of the osmotically active substances other than sodium, urea or glucose
A

Calculation of osmolality????

51
Q

Reference ranges of water

A 
Serum: 275-295 mOsm/kg
Urine (24hr): 300-900 mOsm/kg
Urine/serum ratio: 1.0-3.0
Random urine: 50-1200 mOsm/kg
Osmolal gap: 5-10 mOsm/kg

Clinical Microscopy (11 decks)

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