Introduction & History of Pharmacology Flashcards
define extracts
active compounds found in plants
the early focus of pharmacology was on…give examples
natural substances
who was the German apothecary that we learned about?
Wilhelm Serturner
Wilhelm Serturner was important in
being the 1st person to isolate an ‘active ingredient’ from a medicinal herb/ plant
what was the 1st active ingredient that was isolated?
opium
opium is aka?
morphine
- after the Greek God Morpheus the ancient God of sleep and dreams
list the sources of modern drugs
plants -> morphine
animals -> insulin
human -> GH
mineral -> iron
microbes -> penicillin
synthetic -> ciprofloxacin
in the mid 19th century carious physicians ans research scientists recognized the
- potency
- specificity
- affinity
OF DRUGS
for certain TISSUES
who developed the cell theory postulates in the mid 19th century?
Rudolph Virchow
advances in cell biology, chemistry, and pathology, and microscopes allowed Virchow to describe a
better understanding of cells and their ligands and receptors
describe Pasteur’s contribution
described the ‘germ theory’ of disease
- how pathogens cause pathology or disease conditions
who is considered the father of modern pharmacology
Oswald Schmeideberg
Oswald Schmeideberg also correlated the
chemical structures and receptors w/ resulting effects
who postulated the existence of receptors?
Paul Ehrlich
define a receptor
a macromolecule that elicits a biological effect after binding to a ‘ligand’
what is the magic bullet theory?
selectively targeting receptors of invading organisms, that are not found in the host, will reduce chances of adverse effects
explain drug specificity
- drugs go straight to a target receptor
- a drug will only cause physiological effects if it binds to its receptor
Ehrlich utilized his theory in discovering the first chemotherapeutic agent known as…. what does it treat?
Salvarsan
- treats syphilis
define pharmacology
the study of how drugs exert their effects on living systems
define pharmacodynamics
what the drug does to the body
define pharmacokinetics
what the body does to the drug including rates of
- absorption
- distribution
- metabolism
- excretion/elimination
pharmacogenetics is the study of how
genetic variations give rise to different responses to drugs in a group of people in a population
define pharmacogenomics
the use of genetic information to guide patient drug therapy on an ‘ individual’ basis
pharmacotherapy is the
application of drugs for prevention of disease and treatment of suffering
what are the 2 types of effects of drugs in the body?
- therapeutic
- adverse
therapeutic drug effects are the
desirable response
adverse drug effects are the
undesirable responses
describe pharmacovigilance
requires health professionals to stay up to date w/ pharmacological knowledge to provide more effective medical practice
what is the 5th leading cause of death of inpatients in the U.S.?
Drug-Drug Interactions
why are there so many similar drugs on the market?
- parallel co-incident development
- not identical as differences emerge w/ time
- sometimes allergies develop to 1
- unsuspected side effects cause discontinuation
- particular indication in sub-group of patients
