Introduction & History of Pharmacology

Question 1

define extracts

Answer 1

active compounds found in plants

Question 2

the early focus of pharmacology was on…give examples

Answer 2

natural substances

Question 3

who was the German apothecary that we learned about?

Answer 3

Wilhelm Serturner

Question 3

Wilhelm Serturner was important in

Answer 3

being the 1st person to isolate an ‘active ingredient’ from a medicinal herb/ plant

Question 4

what was the 1st active ingredient that was isolated?

Answer 4

opium

Question 5

opium is aka?

Answer 5

morphine

• after the Greek God Morpheus the ancient God of sleep and dreams

Question 6

list the sources of modern drugs

Answer 6

plants -> morphine
animals -> insulin
human -> GH
mineral -> iron
microbes -> penicillin
synthetic -> ciprofloxacin

Question 7

in the mid 19th century carious physicians ans research scientists recognized the

Answer 7

• potency
• specificity
• affinity
  OF DRUGS
  for certain TISSUES

Question 8

who developed the cell theory postulates in the mid 19th century?

Answer 8

Rudolph Virchow

Question 9

advances in cell biology, chemistry, and pathology, and microscopes allowed Virchow to describe a

Answer 9

better understanding of cells and their ligands and receptors

Question 10

describe Pasteur’s contribution

Answer 10

described the ‘germ theory’ of disease

- how pathogens cause pathology or disease conditions

Question 11

who is considered the father of modern pharmacology

Answer 11

Oswald Schmeideberg

Question 12

Oswald Schmeideberg also correlated the

Answer 12

chemical structures and receptors w/ resulting effects

Question 13

who postulated the existence of receptors?

Answer 13

Paul Ehrlich

Question 14

define a receptor

Answer 14

a macromolecule that elicits a biological effect after binding to a ‘ligand’

Question 15

what is the magic bullet theory?

Answer 15

selectively targeting receptors of invading organisms, that are not found in the host, will reduce chances of adverse effects

Question 16

explain drug specificity

Answer 16

• drugs go straight to a target receptor
• a drug will only cause physiological effects if it binds to its receptor

Question 17

Ehrlich utilized his theory in discovering the first chemotherapeutic agent known as…. what does it treat?

Answer 17

Salvarsan

• treats syphilis

Question 18

define pharmacology

Answer 18

the study of how drugs exert their effects on living systems

Question 19

define pharmacodynamics

Answer 19

what the drug does to the body

Question 20

define pharmacokinetics

Answer 20

what the body does to the drug including rates of
- absorption
- distribution
- metabolism
- excretion/elimination

Question 21

pharmacogenetics is the study of how

Answer 21

genetic variations give rise to different responses to drugs in a group of people in a population

Question 22

define pharmacogenomics

Answer 22

the use of genetic information to guide patient drug therapy on an ‘ individual’ basis

Question 23

pharmacotherapy is the

Answer 23

application of drugs for prevention of disease and treatment of suffering

Question 24

what are the 2 types of effects of drugs in the body?

Answer 24

1. therapeutic 2. adverse

Question 25

therapeutic drug effects are the

Answer 25

desirable response

Question 26

adverse drug effects are the

Answer 26

undesirable responses

Question 27

describe pharmacovigilance

Answer 27

requires health professionals to stay up to date w/ pharmacological knowledge to provide more effective medical practice

Question 28

what is the 5th leading cause of death of inpatients in the U.S.?

Answer 28

Drug-Drug Interactions

Question 29

why are there so many similar drugs on the market?

Answer 29

- parallel co-incident development - not identical as differences emerge w/ time - sometimes allergies develop to 1 - unsuspected side effects cause discontinuation - particular indication in sub-group of patients