Chemotherapy of Neoplastic Diseases

Question 1

define cancer

Answer 1

abnormal cell growth that forms a tumor

Question 2

define tumor

Answer 2

mass of tissue exceeding that of normal due to abnormal cell proliferation

Question 3

define benign

Answer 3

• slow growth
• non-invasive
• no metastasis

Question 4

define malignant

Answer 4

• rapid growth
• invasive
• metastasis

Question 5

define metastasis

Answer 5

spreading to other body parts

Question 6

what are the 6 hallmarks of cancer?

Answer 6

1. self-sufficient growth signals
2. insensitivity to anti-growth signals
3. evading apoptosis
4. resistance to cell cycle arrest
5. sustained angiogenesis
6. metastasis

Question 7

doubling time is defined as the

Answer 7

time it take for a tumor to double in size

Question 8

increased doubling time indicates

Answer 8

• increased chances of metastasis
• worse prognosis

Question 9

cancer is ultimately considered an

Answer 9

inherited disease

Question 10

germ-line mutations are

Answer 10

inherited forms of cancer

Question 11

somatic mutations are

Answer 11

non-inherited carcinogen induced cancers

Question 12

what percentage of cancer have p53 mutations?

Answer 12

over 70%

Question 13

p53 is known as the _____________ of the genome

Answer 13

guardian

Question 14

p53 is activated by

Answer 14

DNA damage

Question 15

p53 elicits…. to enable….

Answer 15

• cell cycle arrest
• DNA repair

Question 16

if damage is excessive p53 induces

Answer 16

apoptosis

Question 17

w/ loss of p53 DNA damage goes

Answer 17

unrepaired

Question 18

p53 can be inactivated by products of

Answer 18

DNA oncogenic viruses

Question 19

proto-oncogenes are normal genes that code for proteins that regulate cell

Answer 19

• division
• growth
• death

Question 20

oncogenes are

Answer 20

mutated or defective versions of proto-oncogenes

Question 21

oncogenes cause

Answer 21

uncontrolled cell division and cancer

Question 22

what are the 3 objectives of chemotherapy?

Answer 22

1. curative
2. palliative
3. adjuvant

Question 23

define curative

Answer 23

obtains complete remission

Question 24

define palliative

Answer 24

alleviate symptoms w/ little expectation of complete remission

Question 25

define adjuvant

Answer 25

- improve chances of a cure - no detectable cancer is present - pre-cancerous cells are suspected

Question 26

what are the 3 main factors that influence survival rate?

Answer 26

1. nature of cancer 2. pharmacology 3. patient

Question 27

alkylating agents

Answer 27

interstrand DNA binding

Question 28

antimetabolities

Answer 28

provide alternate substrates for DNA syn.

Question 29

antimitotics

Answer 29

inhibit mitosis

Question 30

antibiotics

Answer 30

disrupt DNA function

Question 31

steroid hormone

Answer 31

influences hormone effects on cells slowing growth

Question 32

monoclonal antibodies

Answer 32

block GF on cells

Question 33

monoclonal antibodies are created from B-lymphocytes of the immune system this means there are

Answer 33

fewer adverse effects

Question 34

anti-angiogenics

Answer 34

interfere w/ tumor blood supply

Question 35

tumor growth is controlled by the balance between

Answer 35

angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors

Question 36

angiogenic factors are

Answer 36

secretions from cancer or other cells that cause angiogenesis

Question 37

what are 2 angiogenic factors?

Answer 37

1. VEGF 2. basic FGF

Question 38

what are 3 antiangiogenic factors?

Answer 38

1. angiostatin 2. endostatin 3. vasculostatin

Question 39

what are 4 approaches that are considered the future of cancer therapy?

Answer 39

1. CAR-T cell therapy 2. immunotherapy 3. personalized medicine 4. epigenic drugs

Question 40

describe CAR-T cell therapy

Answer 40

extraction modification and activation of T-lymphocytes programed to attack cancer cells

Question 41

describe immunotherapy

Answer 41

cancer treatment that strengthens the immune system

Question 42

describe personalized medicine

Answer 42

specific care for patients based on genes, proteins specific to that patients body

Question 43

epigenic drugs

Answer 43

drugs that target the cancer epigenome which is the segment that regulates gene expression in cancer cells