Chemotherapy of Neoplastic Diseases Flashcards
define cancer
abnormal cell growth that forms a tumor
define tumor
mass of tissue exceeding that of normal due to abnormal cell proliferation
define benign
- slow growth
- non-invasive
- no metastasis
define malignant
- rapid growth
- invasive
- metastasis
define metastasis
spreading to other body parts
what are the 6 hallmarks of cancer?
- self-sufficient growth signals
- insensitivity to anti-growth signals
- evading apoptosis
- resistance to cell cycle arrest
- sustained angiogenesis
- metastasis
doubling time is defined as the
time it take for a tumor to double in size
increased doubling time indicates
- increased chances of metastasis
- worse prognosis
cancer is ultimately considered an
inherited disease
germ-line mutations are
inherited forms of cancer
somatic mutations are
non-inherited carcinogen induced cancers
what percentage of cancer have p53 mutations?
over 70%
p53 is known as the _____________ of the genome
guardian
p53 is activated by
DNA damage
p53 elicits…. to enable….
- cell cycle arrest
- DNA repair
if damage is excessive p53 induces
apoptosis
w/ loss of p53 DNA damage goes
unrepaired
p53 can be inactivated by products of
DNA oncogenic viruses
proto-oncogenes are normal genes that code for proteins that regulate cell
- division
- growth
- death
oncogenes are
mutated or defective versions of proto-oncogenes
oncogenes cause
uncontrolled cell division and cancer
what are the 3 objectives of chemotherapy?
- curative
- palliative
- adjuvant
define curative
obtains complete remission
define palliative
alleviate symptoms w/ little expectation of complete remission
define adjuvant
- improve chances of a cure
- no detectable cancer is present
- pre-cancerous cells are suspected
what are the 3 main factors that influence survival rate?
- nature of cancer
- pharmacology
- patient
alkylating agents
interstrand DNA binding
antimetabolities
provide alternate substrates for DNA syn.
antimitotics
inhibit mitosis
antibiotics
disrupt DNA function
steroid hormone
influences hormone effects on cells slowing growth
monoclonal antibodies
block GF on cells
monoclonal antibodies are created from B-lymphocytes of the immune system this means there are
fewer adverse effects
anti-angiogenics
interfere w/ tumor blood supply
tumor growth is controlled by the balance between
angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors
angiogenic factors are
secretions from cancer or other cells that cause angiogenesis
what are 2 angiogenic factors?
- VEGF
- basic FGF
what are 3 antiangiogenic factors?
- angiostatin
- endostatin
- vasculostatin
what are 4 approaches that are considered the future of cancer therapy?
- CAR-T cell therapy
- immunotherapy
- personalized medicine
- epigenic drugs
describe CAR-T cell therapy
extraction modification and activation of T-lymphocytes programed to attack cancer cells
describe immunotherapy
cancer treatment that strengthens the immune system
describe personalized medicine
specific care for patients based on genes, proteins specific to that patients body
epigenic drugs
drugs that target the cancer epigenome which is the segment that regulates gene expression in cancer cells
