Drugs on the Parasympathetic Nervous System Flashcards
what are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system?
- cardiac muscle
- smooth muscle
- endocrine glands
- exocrine glands
what are the effectors of the somatic nervous system?
skeletal muscles
ganglia is the location where the…
pre-ganglionic & post-ganglionic neurons synapse together
the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS consists of
ganglia
explain the pre and post ganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division
- pre: long
- post: short
in the parasympathetic division the ganglion resides…
close to the effectors/ visceral organs
the parasympathetic division keeps the
body energy low
rest & digest system
the D activities are functional during what period?
relaxation after a meal
what are the D activities?
- digestion
- defecation
- diuresis
what are the characteristics during the parasympathetic division
- low BP
- low HR
- low RR
- high gastrointestinal activity
- warm skin
- constricted pupils
pre-ganglionic fibers in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic system release
acetylcholine
post-ganglionic fibers release ____________ in the sympathetic system
norepinephrine
post-ganglionic fibers release ____________ in the parasympathetic system
acetylcholine
what types of receptors do norepinephrine bind to?
adrenergic receptors
what types of receptors do achetylcholine bind to?
muscarinic receptors
do postganglionic sympathetic fibers release acetylcholine?
YES
under what conditions do postganglionic sympathetic fibers release acetylcholine?
to stimulate sweat & salivary glands
acetylcholine receptors are aka
cholinergic receptors
list 2 types of cholinergic receptors
- muscarinic
- nicotinic
there are ____ types of muscarinic receptors
5
where are muscarinic receptors found?
- cardiac muscle
- smooth muscle
- glands (sweat)
what type of cholinergic receptors are found in the heart?
M2
what type of cholinergic receptors are found in the glands & smooth muscle?
M3
the cholinergic receptors effect can be
both stimulatory and inhibitory
depends on the type of receptor
How many types of receptors are nicotinic?
1
nicotinic receptors are found on the
motor end plates of skeletal muscle fibers & medulla
what is the effect of nicotinic receptors?
ALWAYS stimulatory
the release of any neurotransmitter requires the
influx of calcium into the axon terminal
what is the predominant tone in the arterioles?
sympathetic (adrenergic)
what is the predominant tone in the veins?
sympathetic (adrenergic)
what is the predominant tone in the heart?
parasympathetic
what is the predominant tone in the bronchial smooth muscle?
parasympathetic
what is the predominant tone in the gastrointestinal tract?
parasympathetic
what is the predominant tone in the salivary gland?
parasympathetic
what is the predominant tone in the eccrine sweat gland?
sympathetic (cholinergic)
what is the predominant tone in the urinary tract?
parasympathetic
what is the predominant tone in the apocrine sweat glands?
sympathetic (alpha adrenergic)
cholinergic agonists cause…
SLUDGE
SLUDGE stands for
s: salivary
l: lacrimal
u: urinary
d: defecation
g: gastric motility
e: emesis
emesis: vomiting
direct acting cholinergies stimulate the
ACh receptors
what are some examples of direct acting cholinergics?
- parasympathomimetics
- cholinomimetics
direct acting cholingerics are used for
treatment of urinary retenion & constipation
“direct acting” cholinergic are aka
- parasympathomimetic
- cholinomimetics
indirect acting cholinergic inhibits the
acetylcholinesterase enzyme
the acetylcholinesterase enzyme breaks down
ACh
what is the result of inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme?
prolongs the duration of ACh stimulation in the synapse
its binding to its receptor sites
reversible inhibitors are more clinically useful for conditions such as
myasthenia gravis
irreversible inhibitors are less
clinically useful
irreversible inhibitors are more common as
- insecticides
- chemical weapons
what would be the treatment for exposure to irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors?
Atropine & Pralidoxime (2-PAM)
What may be the signs and symptoms to cholinergic agonists toxicity?
- flushing
- sweating
- abdominal cramps
- urinary bladder spasm
- miosis
- salivation
- bronchospasm
- hypotension
- bradycardia
anticholinergics such as atropine block
muscarinic receptors
atropine is a
competitive anticholinergic drug
anticholinergics are used to
- prevent salivation during an operation
- dilate pupils for examination
list 3 examples of contraindication to the use of cholinergic agonists
- asthma
- coronary insufficiency
- organic obstruction
coronary insufficiency decreases the
heart rate and force of contraction
cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants block the
reuptake of norepinephrine into the axon terminal
asthma constricts the
bronchi
organic obstruction refers to blockage in the
bladder or gastrointestinal tract
botulinum toxin inhibits the release of _______ resulting in…
- ACh
- paralysis of respiratory muscles
blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine results in
prolonged stimulation through the adrenergic receptor
describe the effect of amphetamines on NE
they increase/ stimulate the release of NE from the axon terminal
amphetamines stimulating the reuptake of NE causes
prolonged stimulation through adrenergic receptors
cosmetic botox are injections that
prevent muscle contraction which form wrinkles
