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Pharmacology > Drugs on the Parasympathetic Nervous System > Flashcards

Drugs on the Parasympathetic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • endocrine glands
  • exocrine glands
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2
Q

what are the effectors of the somatic nervous system?

A

skeletal muscles

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3
Q

ganglia is the location where the…

A

pre-ganglionic & post-ganglionic neurons synapse together

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3
Q

the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS consists of

A

ganglia

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4
Q

explain the pre and post ganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division

A
  • pre: long
  • post: short
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5
Q

in the parasympathetic division the ganglion resides…

A

close to the effectors/ visceral organs

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6
Q

the parasympathetic division keeps the

A

body energy low

rest & digest system

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7
Q

the D activities are functional during what period?

A

relaxation after a meal

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7
Q

what are the D activities?

A
  • digestion
  • defecation
  • diuresis
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8
Q

what are the characteristics during the parasympathetic division

A
  • low BP
  • low HR
  • low RR
  • high gastrointestinal activity
  • warm skin
  • constricted pupils
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9
Q

pre-ganglionic fibers in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic system release

A

acetylcholine

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10
Q

post-ganglionic fibers release ____________ in the sympathetic system

A

norepinephrine

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11
Q

post-ganglionic fibers release ____________ in the parasympathetic system

A

acetylcholine

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12
Q

what types of receptors do norepinephrine bind to?

A

adrenergic receptors

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13
Q

what types of receptors do achetylcholine bind to?

A

muscarinic receptors

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14
Q

do postganglionic sympathetic fibers release acetylcholine?

A

YES

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15
Q

under what conditions do postganglionic sympathetic fibers release acetylcholine?

A

to stimulate sweat & salivary glands

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16
Q

acetylcholine receptors are aka

A

cholinergic receptors

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17
Q

list 2 types of cholinergic receptors

A
  1. muscarinic
  2. nicotinic
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18
Q

there are ____ types of muscarinic receptors

A

5

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19
Q

where are muscarinic receptors found?

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • glands (sweat)
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20
Q

what type of cholinergic receptors are found in the heart?

A

M2

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21
Q

what type of cholinergic receptors are found in the glands & smooth muscle?

A

M3

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22
Q

the cholinergic receptors effect can be

A

both stimulatory and inhibitory

depends on the type of receptor

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23
How many types of receptors are nicotinic?
1
24
nicotinic receptors are found on the
motor end plates of skeletal muscle fibers & medulla
25
what is the effect of nicotinic receptors?
ALWAYS stimulatory
26
the release of any neurotransmitter requires the
influx of calcium into the axon terminal
27
what is the predominant tone in the arterioles?
sympathetic (adrenergic)
28
what is the predominant tone in the veins?
sympathetic (adrenergic)
29
what is the predominant tone in the heart?
parasympathetic
30
what is the predominant tone in the bronchial smooth muscle?
parasympathetic
31
what is the predominant tone in the gastrointestinal tract?
parasympathetic
32
what is the predominant tone in the salivary gland?
parasympathetic
33
what is the predominant tone in the eccrine sweat gland?
sympathetic (cholinergic)
34
what is the predominant tone in the urinary tract?
parasympathetic
35
what is the predominant tone in the apocrine sweat glands?
sympathetic (alpha adrenergic)
36
cholinergic agonists cause...
SLUDGE
37
SLUDGE stands for
s: salivary l: lacrimal u: urinary d: defecation g: gastric motility e: emesis | emesis: vomiting
38
direct acting cholinergies stimulate the
ACh receptors
39
what are some examples of direct acting cholinergics?
- parasympathomimetics - cholinomimetics
40
direct acting cholingerics are used for
treatment of urinary retenion & constipation
41
"direct acting" cholinergic are aka
- parasympathomimetic - cholinomimetics
42
indirect acting cholinergic inhibits the
acetylcholinesterase enzyme
43
the acetylcholinesterase enzyme breaks down
ACh
44
what is the result of inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme?
prolongs the duration of ACh stimulation in the synapse | its binding to its receptor sites
45
reversible inhibitors are more clinically useful for conditions such as
myasthenia gravis
46
irreversible inhibitors are less
clinically useful
47
irreversible inhibitors are more common as
- insecticides - chemical weapons
48
what would be the treatment for exposure to irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors?
Atropine & Pralidoxime (2-PAM)
49
What may be the signs and symptoms to cholinergic agonists toxicity?
- flushing - sweating - abdominal cramps - urinary bladder spasm - miosis - salivation - bronchospasm - hypotension - bradycardia
50
anticholinergics such as atropine block
muscarinic receptors
51
atropine is a
competitive anticholinergic drug
52
anticholinergics are used to
- prevent salivation during an operation - dilate pupils for examination
53
list 3 examples of contraindication to the use of cholinergic agonists
1. asthma 2. coronary insufficiency 3. organic obstruction
54
coronary insufficiency decreases the
heart rate and force of contraction
54
cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants block the
reuptake of norepinephrine into the axon terminal
54
asthma constricts the
bronchi
54
organic obstruction refers to blockage in the
bladder or gastrointestinal tract
54
botulinum toxin inhibits the release of _______ resulting in...
- ACh - paralysis of respiratory muscles
55
blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine results in
prolonged stimulation through the adrenergic receptor
56
describe the effect of amphetamines on NE
they increase/ stimulate the release of NE from the axon terminal
57
amphetamines stimulating the reuptake of NE causes
prolonged stimulation through adrenergic receptors
58
cosmetic botox are injections that
prevent muscle contraction which form wrinkles

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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