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Pharmacology > Drugs on the Parasympathetic Nervous System > Flashcards

Drugs on the Parasympathetic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • endocrine glands
  • exocrine glands
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2
Q

what are the effectors of the somatic nervous system?

A

skeletal muscles

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3
Q

ganglia is the location where the…

A

pre-ganglionic & post-ganglionic neurons synapse together

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3
Q

the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS consists of

A

ganglia

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4
Q

explain the pre and post ganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division

A
  • pre: long
  • post: short
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5
Q

in the parasympathetic division the ganglion resides…

A

close to the effectors/ visceral organs

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6
Q

the parasympathetic division keeps the

A

body energy low

rest & digest system

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7
Q

the D activities are functional during what period?

A

relaxation after a meal

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7
Q

what are the D activities?

A
  • digestion
  • defecation
  • diuresis
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8
Q

what are the characteristics during the parasympathetic division

A
  • low BP
  • low HR
  • low RR
  • high gastrointestinal activity
  • warm skin
  • constricted pupils
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9
Q

pre-ganglionic fibers in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic system release

A

acetylcholine

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10
Q

post-ganglionic fibers release ____________ in the sympathetic system

A

norepinephrine

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11
Q

post-ganglionic fibers release ____________ in the parasympathetic system

A

acetylcholine

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12
Q

what types of receptors do norepinephrine bind to?

A

adrenergic receptors

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13
Q

what types of receptors do achetylcholine bind to?

A

muscarinic receptors

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14
Q

do postganglionic sympathetic fibers release acetylcholine?

A

YES

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15
Q

under what conditions do postganglionic sympathetic fibers release acetylcholine?

A

to stimulate sweat & salivary glands

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16
Q

acetylcholine receptors are aka

A

cholinergic receptors

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17
Q

list 2 types of cholinergic receptors

A
  1. muscarinic
  2. nicotinic
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18
Q

there are ____ types of muscarinic receptors

A

5

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19
Q

where are muscarinic receptors found?

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • glands (sweat)
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20
Q

what type of cholinergic receptors are found in the heart?

A

M2

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21
Q

what type of cholinergic receptors are found in the glands & smooth muscle?

A

M3

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22
Q

the cholinergic receptors effect can be

A

both stimulatory and inhibitory

depends on the type of receptor

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23
Q

How many types of receptors are nicotinic?

A

1

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24
Q

nicotinic receptors are found on the

A

motor end plates of skeletal muscle fibers & medulla

25
Q

what is the effect of nicotinic receptors?

A

ALWAYS stimulatory

26
Q

the release of any neurotransmitter requires the

A

influx of calcium into the axon terminal

27
Q

what is the predominant tone in the arterioles?

A

sympathetic (adrenergic)

28
Q

what is the predominant tone in the veins?

A

sympathetic (adrenergic)

29
Q

what is the predominant tone in the heart?

A

parasympathetic

30
Q

what is the predominant tone in the bronchial smooth muscle?

A

parasympathetic

31
Q

what is the predominant tone in the gastrointestinal tract?

A

parasympathetic

32
Q

what is the predominant tone in the salivary gland?

A

parasympathetic

33
Q

what is the predominant tone in the eccrine sweat gland?

A

sympathetic (cholinergic)

34
Q

what is the predominant tone in the urinary tract?

A

parasympathetic

35
Q

what is the predominant tone in the apocrine sweat glands?

A

sympathetic (alpha adrenergic)

36
Q

cholinergic agonists cause…

A

SLUDGE

37
Q

SLUDGE stands for

A

s: salivary
l: lacrimal
u: urinary
d: defecation
g: gastric motility
e: emesis

emesis: vomiting

38
Q

direct acting cholinergies stimulate the

A

ACh receptors

39
Q

what are some examples of direct acting cholinergics?

A
  • parasympathomimetics
  • cholinomimetics
40
Q

direct acting cholingerics are used for

A

treatment of urinary retenion & constipation

41
Q

“direct acting” cholinergic are aka

A
  • parasympathomimetic
  • cholinomimetics
42
Q

indirect acting cholinergic inhibits the

A

acetylcholinesterase enzyme

43
Q

the acetylcholinesterase enzyme breaks down

A

ACh

44
Q

what is the result of inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme?

A

prolongs the duration of ACh stimulation in the synapse

its binding to its receptor sites

45
Q

reversible inhibitors are more clinically useful for conditions such as

A

myasthenia gravis

46
Q

irreversible inhibitors are less

A

clinically useful

47
Q

irreversible inhibitors are more common as

A
  • insecticides
  • chemical weapons
48
Q

what would be the treatment for exposure to irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors?

A

Atropine & Pralidoxime (2-PAM)

49
Q

What may be the signs and symptoms to cholinergic agonists toxicity?

A
  • flushing
  • sweating
  • abdominal cramps
  • urinary bladder spasm
  • miosis
  • salivation
  • bronchospasm
  • hypotension
  • bradycardia
50
Q

anticholinergics such as atropine block

A

muscarinic receptors

51
Q

atropine is a

A

competitive anticholinergic drug

52
Q

anticholinergics are used to

A
  • prevent salivation during an operation
  • dilate pupils for examination
53
Q

list 3 examples of contraindication to the use of cholinergic agonists

A
  1. asthma
  2. coronary insufficiency
  3. organic obstruction
54
Q

coronary insufficiency decreases the

A

heart rate and force of contraction

54
Q

cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants block the

A

reuptake of norepinephrine into the axon terminal

54
Q

asthma constricts the

A

bronchi

54
Q

organic obstruction refers to blockage in the

A

bladder or gastrointestinal tract

54
Q

botulinum toxin inhibits the release of _______ resulting in…

A
  • ACh
  • paralysis of respiratory muscles
55
Q

blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine results in

A

prolonged stimulation through the adrenergic receptor

56
Q

describe the effect of amphetamines on NE

A

they increase/ stimulate the release of NE from the axon terminal

57
Q

amphetamines stimulating the reuptake of NE causes

A

prolonged stimulation through adrenergic receptors

58
Q

cosmetic botox are injections that

A

prevent muscle contraction which form wrinkles

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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