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Pharmacology > Introduction and terminology > Flashcards

Introduction and terminology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a healthcare professional

A
  • caregiver
  • decision maker
  • communicator
  • manager
  • life long learner
  • teacher
  • leader
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2
Q

what must we know about each patients’ medications

A
  • the names, dosage, mechanisms of action, and interactions with other drugs
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3
Q

what do we need to do with the health history at every appointment

A
  • check for changes in medical history
  • ask about allergic reactions to drugs
  • be familiar with all drugs the patient is taking, new or old
  • include OTCs and herbals
  • know and understand that drugs have impact on patient care
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4
Q

what is polypharmacy

A
  • use of many medications
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5
Q

who was shen nung

A
  • tested 365 different drugs including herbs, barks and roots on himself to see their affects
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6
Q

what was the goal of pharmacology about 5000 years ago

A
  • to scare out evil spirits
  • restore balance in the body
  • blood letting
  • trepanation
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7
Q

how much of medications were plants up until the 1900s and what are some examples of plants and their healing mechanisms

A
  • 75%
  • cardiac glycosides (digosin) from foxglove plant
  • cocaine from coca leaves
  • morphine from opium (poppy)
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8
Q

how many medications today contain one or more active ingredients from plants

A
  • 25%

- the other 75% are synthetic

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9
Q

what is pharmacology

A
  • biomedical study of interaction of chemical substances with living systems including cells, tissues and organism
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10
Q

what are drugs

A
  • substances or chemical agents that affect biologic or living systems
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11
Q

what is pharmacotherapeutics

A
  • the use of drugs in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease
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12
Q

what is pharmacokinetics

A
  • the study of drugs movement throughout the body
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13
Q

what is pharmacodynamics

A
  • the actions of a drug on a specific target organ
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14
Q

what is pharmacogenetics

A
  • the convergence of pharmacology and genetics including the genetic factors that influence an organism’s response to a drug
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15
Q

what is posology

A
  • the study of the dosages of medicines and drugs
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16
Q

what is toxicology

A
  • the scientific study of poisons, industrial pollutants, and the undesirable effects of drugs on living cells, tissues and organisms
17
Q

what is pathophysiology

A
  • study of diseases and the functional changes occurring in the body as a result of diseases
18
Q

what is indication

A
  • approved use of the drug in canada to treat various diseases/disorders
19
Q

what is a contraindication

A
  • a specific situation in which a drug, procedure, or surgery is not indicated and should NOT be used, because it may harm the patient. drug is NOT to be used in those conditions
20
Q

what are the 3 types of therapeutic drug classes

A
  • traditional drug therapies (ie advil)
  • natural/alternative therapies (ie melatonin)
  • biologics (ie insulin)
21
Q

what are traditional drug therapies

A
  • chemically-produced
  • synthesized in a lab
  • used routinely by health practitioners
22
Q

what are natural/alternative therapies

A
  • naturally-produced
  • herbs
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • extracts from a natural source
23
Q

what are biologics

A
  • naturally-produced
  • made by the body’s cells
  • associated with the bloodstream
  • hormones
  • vaccines
  • animal products
  • made by microorganisms
  • used routinely by health practitioners
24
Q

what are the 3 types of drug names

A
  • chemical name (ex. N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide
  • generic name (non-proprietary) (ex. acetominophen)
  • brand (trade/proprietary) name (ex. tylenol)
25
Q

what are therapeutic effects

A
  • desirable/beneficial effect of drugs
26
Q

what are undesirable drug effects (2)

A
  1. adverse drug events
  2. adverse drug reactions:
    - adverse effects
    - toxic reactions
    - idiosyncratic reactions
    - allergic reactions
    - mutagenic and teratogenic reactions
27
Q

what is an adverse drug event (ADE)

A
  • injury resulting from medical intervention
  • result of toxicity
  • prescribing too much of correct drug (overdose)
  • prescribing drug contraindicated for the patient’s condition
  • providing correct drug but wrong route
  • drug interactions
  • predictable and preventable
  • individual’s response and genetic differences
28
Q

what are adverse drug reactions (ADR)

A
  • drug effect that is noxious and unintended
  • occurs at doses used in humans for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy
  • requires discontinuing drug
  • requires changing drug therapy
  • requires modifying dose
  • may require admission to a hospital
  • not predictable/unintentional
  • ex. rash to penicillin
29
Q

what are adverse effects

A
  • usually dose related. the higher the dose - the greater the adverse effects. ex. diphenhydramine = xerostomia and dry mouth
  • undesirable side effects
  • additional drug actions at therapeutic levels
  • every medication has potential adverse effects
30
Q

what is the toxic effect

A
  • defined as harmful effects associated with drug overdose, such as acute toxicity and chronic toxicity
  • dose dependent and predictable
  • non target organs involved
  • ex. respiratory failure with morphine
31
Q

what is idiosyncrasy

A
  • the unexplained, uncharacteristic response to a drug
  • caused by hereditary factors or genetic differences
  • ex. excitement with benadryl
32
Q

what is an allergic response

A
  • complex formed between an antigen (drug) and antibody (in body)
  • not dose dependent and unpredictable
  • mild rash to anaphylaxis
  • ex. penicillin allergy
33
Q

what is a mutagenic reaction

A
  • caused by drug-induced damage to DNA
  • display of damage evident in children from these parents
  • heritable genetic defect
  • ie. radiation
34
Q

what is a teratogenic reaction

A
  • drug induced damage that develops in the fetus
  • depends on when the drug exposure occurred
  • first trimester most dangerous
35
Q

what are drug interations

A
  • occur between drug and food, drug and drug and drug and disease
  • produce an unusual response

Pharmacology (21 decks)

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