Forms and routes Flashcards
what does drug delivery depend on
- nature of drug and how it is used
- different routes affect how quickly drug acts and how long it will last
- use by one route - effective; another route - ineffective
what are the 3 major routes of drug delivery
- enteral (via GI tract)
- parenteral (anything injectable)
- topical (something on a surface)
what does the enteral route of delivery break down into (subroutes)
- oral: by mouth
- buccal: across membranes of the mouth (cheeks)
- sublingual: under the tongue
- rectal: by suppositories or enema
what does the parenteral route of delivery break down into (subroutes)
- intravenous: into the venous circulation
- intra-arterial: into the arterial circulation (regional circulation)
- intracoronary: into the coronary circulation
- intradermal: into the dermis of the skin; intracutaneous
- subcutaneous: under the skin; into the hypodermis
- intramuscular: into the muscles
- intrathecal: into the spinal subarachnoid space
- intraosseus: into the bone
- epidural: into the space overlying the dura mater
- intraperitoneal: into the abdominal cavity
- intrasynovial: into the joint
what does the topical route of delivery break down into (subroutes)
- transcutaneous: across the skin
- transdermal: across the dermis
- transmucosal: across mucous membranes
- ophthalmic: onto membranes of the eyes
- otic: onto membranes of the deeper ear
- vaginal: onto membranes of the vagina
- intrauterine: onto membranes of the uterus lining
what are the different forms of solid dosages for drugs
- tablets
- capsules
- enteric-coated tablets
- orally disintegrating tablets
- extended-release
- suppositories
- dental pastes
- ointments
what are the different forms of liquid dosages for drugs
- solutions (chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse)
- suspensions (amoxicillin suspension)
- emulsions
- elixirs (dexamethasone)
- syrups (cough syrup)
what are the different forms of topical dosages for drugs
- subgingival
- placement of medicaments into the gingival crevice
what are some advantages of the oral route
- convenient
- easy to tolerate
- safe
- simple to administer
- fractional doses can be taken by splitting scored tablets
- most common
- not need to be measured
- less expensive
what are some disadvantages of the oral route
- delayed onset, do not work as quickly as parenterals
- may be altered by food
- delayed absorption due to food and drink in the stomach
- may be destroyed by digestive enzymes or GI fluids
- for liquids, potential unpleasant taste
- for controlled-release formulations, cannot be split or crushed
what is the sublingual route of administration
- oral administration in which a drug is placed under the tongue and is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream
what is the buccal route of administration
- oral administration in which a drug is placed between the gum and the inner lining of the cheek; also called transmucosal route of administration
what are some advantages to the rectal route of administration
- the patient can be unconscious; good for people with nausea and vomiting and for children who cannot swallow
- requires less breakdown by liver
- avoid destructive enzymes of stomach, mouth and small intestine
- rapid onset of action
- designed to melt when inserted into a body orifice
- local effect
what are some disadvantages to the rectal route of administration
- they are uncomfortable and the actual amount of drug absorbed is unpredictable
what are parenterals
- some medications must be administered via the parenteral route because their molecules are too large or are broken down too quickly
- drugs are distributed systemically by injection or catheter
