Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Autonomic drugs > Flashcards

Autonomic drugs Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of the nervous system

A
  1. recognize
  2. process
  3. react
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the nervous system breaks down into…

A
  • peripheral nervous system

- central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the peripheral nervous system breaks down into…

A
  • motor neurons

- sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does the motor neurons system break down into

A
  • somatic nervous system

- autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system break down into

A
  • sympathetic division

- parasympathetic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system break down into

A
  • adrenergic receptors (further breaks down into alpha and beta)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the parasympathetic division break down into

A
  • cholinergic receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does electrical transmission consist of

A
  • ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does chemical transmission consist of

A
  • neurotransmitter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which neurons receive and which ones generate impulses

A
  • presynaptic generates

- postsynaptic receives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a synapse and what is a synaptic cleft

A
  • synapse is a structure at the end of a nerve

- synaptic cleft is space to bridge between neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A
  • chemicals that bridge the synaptic cleft
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do presynaptic neurons do

A
  • release impulse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do postsynaptic neurons do

A
  • regenerate impulse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do drugs work

A
  • by blocking or enhancing activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the number 1 neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • acetylcholine and norepinephrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 2 alpha receptors and what do they do

A
  1. alpha 1: located on smooth muscles in the blood vessels, constricts blood vessels, also dilates pupils
  2. alpha 2: inhibits release of norepinephrine, lowers blood pressure by affecting the heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the 2 beta receptors and what do they do

A
  1. beta 1: located in the heart and kidneys, increased heart rate and force of contraction, release of renin
  2. beta 2: all organs but heart; primarily lungs, uterus, skeletal muscles. inhibition of smooth muscles -> relaxation, bronchodilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 2 acetylcholine receptors

A
  1. nicotinic receptors

2. muscarinic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do nicotinic receptors do

A
  • located in ganglia and skeletal muscles

- stimulation of smooth muscles and gland secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are agonists

A
  • bind to receptors

- produce maximal response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are antagonists

A
  • bind to receptors
  • block receptor or produce sub maximal response
  • opposite of agonists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are autonomic drugs

A
  • classified by which receptor they stimulate or block
  • sympathomimetics (adrenergic agonists) stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and the fight or flight response
  • parasympathomimetrics (cholinergic agonists) stimulate the PNS and rest and relaxation response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are adrenergic blockers

A
  • inhibit SNS

- opposite action of sympathomimetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are anticholinergic (cholinergic) blockers

A
  • inhibit PNS

- opposite action of parasympathomimetics

26
Q

what are sympathomimetics

A
  • adrenergic agonists
  • stimulate SNS
  • produce fight or flight response
  • primarily used for effects on heart, bronchial tree and nasal passages
  • stimulate alpha and/or beta receptors
  • selective (stimulate only one type of adrenergic receptor)
27
Q

what receptors do alpha 1 stimulate (selective sympathomimetics)

A
  • nasal mucous membranes
  • decrease secretions
  • nasal and ocular decongestants
  • phenylephrine (neo-synephrine)
28
Q

what receptors do beta 1 stimulate (selective sympathomimetics)

A
  • within heart
  • increase heart rate and force of contraction
  • ex dobutamine
29
Q

what receptors do beta 2 stimulate (selective sympathomimetics)

A
  • within airways
  • relax smooth muscles -> bronchodilation -> treatment of asthma
  • ex salbutamol
30
Q

what do lower doses of epinephrine cause

A
  • an increase in systolic pressure due to alpha stimulation and beta 1 stimulation (direct stimulation of the heart muscle)
  • added to lidocaine injections to: cause vasodilation -> decrease bleeding, makes lidocaine last longer
  • note that levonordefrin is also used as a vasoconstrictor in dental local anaesthetics bit is 1/2 as potent as epi
31
Q

what are non selective sympathomimetics

A
  • mimic or modify the actions of endogenous catecholamines (ex dopamine) of the sympathetic nervous system
  • alpha 1 and beta 2: nasal mucous membrane and heart; decongestant; pseudoephedrine
  • beta 1 and beta 2: heart and airways, increase force, rate and speed of conduction or for asthma; isoproterenol
  • more autonomic side effects
32
Q

what is ma huang/ephedra

A
  • sympathomimetic
  • Chinese herb
  • similar actions as ephedrine and pseudoephedrine
  • stimulates SNS -> decongestant, bronchodilator, energy enhancer, weight loss
  • side effects: increased heart rate and blood pressure
33
Q

alpha 1 receptor agonists cause what

A
  • smooth muscle contraction

- leads to vasoconstriction, dilation of pupils, contraction of the bladder muscle

34
Q

what do alpha 2 receptor agonists cause

A
  • treatment of hypertension to lower blood pressure

- drugs will also inhibit the release of norepinephrine resulting in lower levels of norepinephrine

35
Q

what do beta 1 receptor agonists do

A
  • increase the rate and force of heart contractions (cardiac stimulation) in patients with hypotension and shock
  • given intravenously
36
Q

what do beta 2 receptor agonists do

A
  • cause relaxation or dilation of smooth muscles in the lungs (bronchodilation) in patients with asthma
  • given orally or inhaled
  • best to select beta 2 drug such as salbutamol or terbutaline to keep adverse side effects to a minimum
37
Q

what are some adverse effects of non selective sympathomimetics

A
  • xerostomia (dry mouth), nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and palpitations
  • increase in blood pressure, tachycardia, fibrillations
  • non selective beta antagonists may cause hyperglycaemia
38
Q

what are some drug interactions of nun selective sympathomimetics

A
  • tricyclic antidepressants decrease EPI effects
  • non selective beta-blockers - limit EPI to 0.04 mg (2 cartridges 1:100,000)
  • cocaine + epi -> large increase in blood pressure
39
Q

what are adrenergic blockers

A
  • inhibit sympathetic nervous system
  • produce rest and relaxation response
  • primarily used for hypertension
  • also used for urinary retention, headache (migraine prevention) and glaucoma (increased intraocular pressure)
  • most widely prescribed
40
Q

what are alpha adrenergic receptor antagonists (blockers) - both 1 and 2

A
  • alpha 1 blockers: within blood vessels; relax vascular smooth muscle -> decrease blood pressure; treatment of hypertension, urinary retention and prostate enlargement; doxazosin, terazosin and prazosin
  • alpha 2 blockers: yohimbine (yocon) blocks alpha 2 receptors and is used in the treatment of impotency in men
41
Q

what do adrenergic blockers treat

A
  • hypertension
  • angina
  • heart arythmias
  • panic attacks
  • prevention of migraines
  • glaucoma
42
Q

what are adverse effects of adrenergic alpha blockers

A
  • postural hypotension and bradycardia with initial doses
  • taking the drug with food may reduce the incidence of dizziness
  • food may delay absorption but does not affect the extent of absorption
  • watch change of positions
43
Q

what are adverse effects of adrenergic beta blockers

A
  • can cause heart failure or heart block
  • caution should be used in diabetes -> increase insulin action -> hypoglycemia
  • non selective beta-2-blockers -> bronchoconstriction -> contraindicated in asthmatics
44
Q

what drug interactions can exist between adrenergic blockers

A
  • alpha 1 blockers + antihypertensive drugs and diuretics

- phenothiazines + beta-blockers

45
Q

what are parasympathomimetics

A
  • induce rest and relaxation response
  • stimulate PNS
  • few therapeutic uses because of numerous side effects (heart, respiratory)
  • include organic phosphate insecticides/pesticides and toxic nerve gasses: tabun, sarin and soman
  • used to slow the heart + increase smooth muscle tone of the GI and urinary tract (post-op or post-partum)
46
Q

what are some other uses for parasympathomimetics

A
  • for effects on acetylcholine receptors in the skeletal muscles
  • myasthenia gratis has destruction of nicotinic receptors in skeletal muscle (what nanny has)
  • neostigmine -> stimulate skeletal muscle contraction to reverse weakness
  • prototype drug: bethanechol used post-op to increase urination
47
Q

what is bethanechol

A
  • direct acting parasympathomimetic
  • interacts with ACh receptors -> PNS stimulation effects
  • stimulate smooth muscle contraction in digestive and urinary tracts (post op)
48
Q

what are adverse effects of bethanechol

A
  • increased salivation
  • sweating
  • abdominal cramping
  • hypotension
  • not for asthma patients or have obstructions
49
Q

what are natural plant alkaloids

A
  • cholinergic agents including muscarine, nicotine and pilocarpine
  • pilocarpine, which is obtained from a plant shrub, is used to treat xerostomia
  • nicotine is obtained from plants and in cigarettes and other tobacco products. contained in chewing gum and transdermal patches for smoking cessation
50
Q

what are adverse effects of pilocarpine

A
  • flushing
  • sweating
  • urinary urgency
51
Q

what are anticholinergics

A
  • inhibit PNS
  • induce fight or flight
  • = muscarinic blockers
  • dilation of pupil, increase heart rate, dry secretions, dilation of bronchi
  • many side effects, like tachycardia, urinary retention
  • replaced with safer and more effective drugs
52
Q

what are some examples of anticholinergics

A
  • scopolamine: sedation and motion sickness
  • benztropine: Parkinson’s disease
  • ipratropium bromide: asthma and/or bronchitis
  • tolterodine (detrol): urinary incontinence
53
Q

what is atropine

A
  • natural product
  • found in deadly nightshade plant
  • block ACh receptors -> fight or flight response. increased heart rate, bronchodilation, decreased GI motility, mydriasis, decreased gland secretions
  • treat hyper motility disorders (treats GI and bladder spasms)
  • suppress secretions during surgery
  • increase heart rate when bradycardia
  • dilate eye during exam, bronchodilation in asthma
54
Q

what are some other uses of atropine

A
  • to prevent motion sickness
  • treat excessive muscle movement especially of the face and neck (acute dystonia) caused by antipsychotic medications
  • to counteract organophosphate poisoning
55
Q

what are some adverse effects of atropine

A
  • xerostomia, urinary retention, blurred vision, constipation, and tachycardia
  • contraindicated in glaucoma, BPH, tachycardia
56
Q

what are some drug interactions for atropine

A
  • additive anticholinergic side effects
  • drugs that also have anticholinergic effects, like tricycle antidepressants and antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
57
Q

most common use of alpha 1 receptor agonist drugs

A
  • nasal decongestant and hypotension
58
Q

most common use of alpha 2 receptor agonist drugs

A
  • treatment of hypertension
59
Q

most common use of beta 2 receptor agonist drugs

A
  • treatment of asthma
60
Q

primary use fo beta blockers

A
  • treatment of hypertension

Pharmacology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions