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PID Exams > Introduction and Basic Bacteriology Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Introduction and Basic Bacteriology Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A high fever, e.g. 107.5 F is most likely to be caused by what type of microbe?

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

A purpuric rash is a sign of _. What causes it? What is the “fancy name”?

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation, blood clotting
Blood leaking into skin because of loss of clotting factors, increased vascular permeability
Purpura fulminans

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3
Q

An elevated AST and ALT is a sign of damage to what organ? What about CPK and creatinine?

A

AST and ALT - liver damage

CPK and creatinine - muscle damage

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4
Q

There are 4 major bugs that cause purpura fulminans. What are they?

A

Neisseria meningitidis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus Cereus

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5
Q

Among the following 3 microbes, which is / are gram negative? Which is / are gram positive?

Neisseria meningitidis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Staphylococcus aureus

A

Neisseria meningitidis - negative (n for negative)
Streptococcus pyogenes - gram +
Staphylococcus aureus - gram +

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6
Q

What is the major type of cell where staphylococcus aureus can be found?

A

On epithelial cells

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7
Q

Based on case 1 as presented, what is the drug used to treat MRSA? What is the drug used to shut off exotoxin production? What is the use of rifampin in the case?

A

MRSA - Vancomycin
Shut off exotoxin - Clindamycin
Rifampin - Nisseria meningitis

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8
Q

In case 1 as presented, what was the reason for suggesting that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) be used? What is a drawback to its use?

A

IVIG can be used to neutralized superantigen exotoxins

It is expensive

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9
Q

From case 1, what were the 3 reasons for recommending treatment with drotrecogin-α ? What is another name for drotrecogin-α

A
  • Antithrombotic
  • Antiinflammatory
  • Fibrinolytic properties

Activated protein C

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10
Q

In cases of post-influenza toxic shock syndromes (TSS), what is the major microbe that causes the main secondary infection following influenza? What are the 2 main super antigens responsible to the TSS?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin 1
Staph Enterotoxin B

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11
Q

What is a major visible sign / symptom that is caused by toxic shock syndrome as identified in the lecture?

A

Purpura fulminans

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12
Q

A microbe that is the most significant cause of serious infections and deaths from infections according to the CDC is _

A

Staph aureus

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13
Q

What are the top 2 (in order) causes of blood stream infections?

A

Staphylococcus epidermis

Staphylococcus aureus

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14
Q

What is the number 2 cause of pneumonia?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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15
Q

What is the Number 1 cause of infective endocarditis and osteomyelitis?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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16
Q

In 430 - 427 BC, patients were described as having “Violent heats in the head, inflammation of eyes and throat, reddish livid skin, extreme diarrhea, and high fever.” Then it was called _. Now it is recognized as _

A

Thucydides Syndrome

Post-influenza staphylococcal TSS

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17
Q

True or false, the case to fatality ratio following influenza pandemics have increased over the years. Why is this the case?

A

False, the fatalities have actually dropped

Increases in medical knowledge

18
Q

What is the main cause of mortality following influenza? Why?

A

Bacterial infections following the flu

Influenza and other viral infections leave patients transiently immuno-compromised

19
Q

Following the 1918 influenza pandemic, what were the 3 main causes of secondary bacterial infections responsible for fatalities?

A

Haemophillus influenza
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus

20
Q

What is the moiety expressed on human epithelial cells that allow viral entry? What is the viral protein that binds this moiety?

A

Sialic acid

Hemagglutinin

21
Q

Hemagglutinin (HA) requires a protease-dependent maturation event to expose the sialic acid binding site. What are the molecules that cleave and activate HA?

A

Serine proteases

22
Q

What is the moiety expressed by the flu virus that is required for its exit from the host cell? What drug targets this moiety?

A

Neuraminidase

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

23
Q

Co-infection with influenza virus and S.aureus have a higher case:fatality rate. What are 2 reasons?

A
  • S. aureus proteases activate influenza HA, allowing
    viral infection
  • TSST-1+ S. aureus produce exceptionally high levels of proteases, including serine proteases
24
Q

A fever that is characterized as low temperature and lower PMN elevation / inflitration is likely to be caused by what type of microbe?

A

Virus

25
Q

We have seen how S. Aureus can promote viral infection. How does a virus promote S. Aureus infection?

A

Virus damages epithelium, allowing sites for secondary S.

aureus infection and TSST-1 production.

26
Q

Sputum that is yellow / gold in color is likely to contain what microbe?

A

S. Aureus

27
Q

What is a primary pathogen? What is an example?

A

Any pathogen that causes disease when present in host

Group A strep

28
Q

What is an example of an opportunistic pathogen?

A

Staph epidermidis

29
Q

Strength of the microbe in disease causation, and the factors that give them that strength. This describes _. An example would be _

A

Virulence (Factor)

Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin 1

30
Q

A rod shaped organism would be described as _

A

Bacilli

31
Q

In addition to regular rods, a rod with a tapered end would be described as _, while a rod that is thread-like is described as _

A

Fusiform

Filamentous

32
Q

A spherical shaped organism is classified as _

A

Cocci

33
Q

A rod that is curved is classified as _. What is the example provided?

A

Spirilli

Vibrio cholerae

34
Q

A long spiral shaped organism is classified as _. The example provided is _. The disease it causes is _

A

Spirochete
Treponema pallidum
Syphillis

35
Q

When looking at stained specimen, a purple organism is likely gram _ while a pink organism is likely gram _. The component of the organism that absorbs the stain is the _ and the agent that provides the pink color is _

A

Positive
Negative
Cell Wall
Safranin

36
Q

The 2 examples of gram + rods provided in this lecture are _

A

B. cereus

Clostridium tetani

37
Q

The one example of a gram negative rod provided in this lecture is _

A

Escherichia coli

38
Q

The 3 examples of gram positive cocci provided in this lecture are _

A

Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus pyogenes,
Streptococcus pneumoniae

39
Q

The one example of a gram negative cocci provided in this lecture is _

A

Nisseria meningiditis

40
Q

The example of a gram negative spirilli provided is _

A

Vibrio cholerae

41
Q

2 examples of microbes that are stained by acid fast methods are _

A

Mycobacteria (tuberculosis)

Actinomycetes (Nocardia)

42
Q

An example of a microbe that needs to be silver stained is _

A

Legionella Pneumophila

PID Exams (17 decks)

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