Introduction and Anatomy of Lungs, Airways and Blood Supply

Question 1

What are the four main functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

• Gas exchange
• Acid/base balance
• Protection from infection
• Communication

Question 2

What other system is needed for gas exchange to occur?

Answer 2

Cardiovascular system

Question 3

How does the cardiovascular system aid in gas exchange?

Answer 3

• Transports CO2 to the lungs

- Transports oxygen to the tissues

Question 4

What are the 4 main blood vessels that enter and exit the heart?

Answer 4

• Vena cava
• Pulmonary artery
• Pulmonary vein
• Aorta

Question 5

What relationship does the pulmonary and cardiovascular system have during exercise?

Answer 5

• As rate of breathing speeds up heart rate and force of contraction increases

Question 6

What two places does gas exchange occur?

Answer 6

• Lung alveoli

- Capillary beds

Question 7

What is the average volume of oxygen exchanged (consumed) per breath

Answer 7

250ml

Question 8

What is the average volume of CO2 exchanged (produced) per breath

Answer 8

200ml

Question 9

What is average breathing rate at rest in an adult?

Answer 9

10 - 20

Question 10

What is maximum breathing rate during exercise in adults?

Answer 10

40-45

Question 11

What are the 7 main parts of the respiratory system starting at the mouth?

Answer 11

• Nose
• Pharynx
• Epiglottis
• Trachea
• Larynx
• Bronchus
• Lung

Question 12

Functions of the nose

Answer 12

• Allow air to enter

- Trap dust and pathogens in cilia

Question 13

Epiglottis?

Answer 13

A small flap of tissue that folds over the trachea and prevents food from entering the lungs during swallowing

Question 14

Larynx?

Answer 14

Voice box - contains vocal chords that vibrate to make a sound

Question 15

Bronchus?

Answer 15

Allows air to move into the right or left lung

Question 16

Lung?

Answer 16

Where gas exchange occurs

Question 17

What structures are in the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 17

• Nose
• Pharynx
• Epiglottis
• Larynx

Question 18

What structures are in the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 18

• Trachea
• Bronchus
• Lung
• Diaphragm

Question 19

How do the left and right bronchus differ?

Answer 19

• Right is a more obtuse angle (closer to vertical) and wider
• Left is an acute angle and thinner

Question 20

What can come about from the differing shape of the R bronchus?

Answer 20

Foreign bodies can lodge there

Question 21

How is the shape of the trachea maintained?

Answer 21

C shaped rings of cartilage

Question 22

What structures does air pass through in order from the trachea?

Answer 22

• Trachea
• Primary bronchus
• Secondary bronchus
• Bronchiole
• Alveoli

Question 23

In what lower respiratory tract structures does the most resistance occur?

Answer 23

• Trachea
• Primary bronchi
• Secondary bronchi

Question 24

How many primary bronchi are there?

Answer 24

2

Question 25

How can resistance to air be influenced?

Answer 25

Smooth muscle in the bronchus changing diameter

Question 26

What does contraction do diameter and resistance?

Answer 26

- Decreases diameter | - Increases resistance

Question 27

What does relaxation do diameter and resistance?

Answer 27

- Increases diameter | - Decreases resistance

Question 28

Why are the alveoli suitable for gas exchange?

Answer 28

- Very thin walls | - High surface area

Question 29

Why can't the airways prior to the alveoli not allow gas exchange and what is their function instead?

Answer 29

- Walls too thick | - Conduction of the air

Question 30

What is the air in the airways prior to the alveoli known as?

Answer 30

Anatomical dead space

Question 31

What cells line the respiratory tract?

Answer 31

Epithelium

Question 32

What type of epithelium lines the respiratory tract and how does it change as you move closer to the alveoli?

Answer 32

- Pseudostratified columnar ciliated cells in the higher up airways - Progresses to become more SQUAMOUS as you move down - Cilia are lost lower down - Mucous cells are lost lower down

Question 33

What other structures, besides epithelium and mucous, exist in the lining of the respiratory tract?

Answer 33

- Glands - Lymph nodes - Blood vessels

Question 34

What are the functions of mucous in the respiratory tract

Answer 34

- Moistens air - Traps particles - Provides cilia with a large surface area

Question 35

What cells produce the mucous

Answer 35

Goblet cells and sub epithelial glands

Question 36

What are the cells in the alveoli called that are responsible for gas exchange?

Answer 36

Pneumocytes

Question 37

What other cells are present in the alveoli

Answer 37

Macrophages

Question 38

What percentage of alveoli are type 1 pneumocytes and what is their primary function?

Answer 38

- 97% | - Gas exchange

Question 39

What type of epithelium are type 1 pneumocytes

Answer 39

Simple squamous

Question 40

What are type 2 pneumocytes responsible for

Answer 40

Reducing surface tension

Question 41

What does the reduction of surface tension allow?

Answer 41

Less work needed to breathe

Question 42

What is correct body pH?

Answer 42

7.4

Question 43

What do type 2 pneumocytes contain to allow surface tension to be reduced?

Answer 43

- Phospholipid | - Protein

Question 44

What is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 44

- The movement of CO2 to the lungs | - Movement of O2 to the heart through the pulmonary great vessels

Question 45

What is systemic circulation

Answer 45

- The movement of CO2 from tissues to heart | - Movement of O2 from heart to tissues

Question 46

Where does gas exchange occur in the systemic circulation?

Answer 46

Between cells and capillary beds

Question 47

Where does gas exchange occur in pulmonary respiration?

Answer 47

Between alveoli and capillaries

Question 48

Why can gas exchange occur between alveoli and capillaries and cells and capillaries?

Answer 48

- Thin walls - High surface area - Gas moves down the conc gradients