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Respiratory Physiology > Introduction and Anatomy of Lungs, Airways and Blood Supply > Flashcards

Introduction and Anatomy of Lungs, Airways and Blood Supply Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Gas exchange
  • Acid/base balance
  • Protection from infection
  • Communication
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2
Q

What other system is needed for gas exchange to occur?

A

Cardiovascular system

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3
Q

How does the cardiovascular system aid in gas exchange?

A
  • Transports CO2 to the lungs

- Transports oxygen to the tissues

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4
Q

What are the 4 main blood vessels that enter and exit the heart?

A
  • Vena cava
  • Pulmonary artery
  • Pulmonary vein
  • Aorta
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5
Q

What relationship does the pulmonary and cardiovascular system have during exercise?

A
  • As rate of breathing speeds up heart rate and force of contraction increases
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6
Q

What two places does gas exchange occur?

A
  • Lung alveoli

- Capillary beds

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7
Q

What is the average volume of oxygen exchanged (consumed) per breath

A

250ml

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8
Q

What is the average volume of CO2 exchanged (produced) per breath

A

200ml

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9
Q

What is average breathing rate at rest in an adult?

A

10 - 20

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10
Q

What is maximum breathing rate during exercise in adults?

A

40-45

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11
Q

What are the 7 main parts of the respiratory system starting at the mouth?

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Epiglottis
  • Trachea
  • Larynx
  • Bronchus
  • Lung
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12
Q

Functions of the nose

A
  • Allow air to enter

- Trap dust and pathogens in cilia

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13
Q

Epiglottis?

A

A small flap of tissue that folds over the trachea and prevents food from entering the lungs during swallowing

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14
Q

Larynx?

A

Voice box - contains vocal chords that vibrate to make a sound

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15
Q

Bronchus?

A

Allows air to move into the right or left lung

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16
Q

Lung?

A

Where gas exchange occurs

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17
Q

What structures are in the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Epiglottis
  • Larynx
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18
Q

What structures are in the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • Trachea
  • Bronchus
  • Lung
  • Diaphragm
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19
Q

How do the left and right bronchus differ?

A
  • Right is a more obtuse angle (closer to vertical) and wider
  • Left is an acute angle and thinner
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20
Q

What can come about from the differing shape of the R bronchus?

A

Foreign bodies can lodge there

21
Q

How is the shape of the trachea maintained?

A

C shaped rings of cartilage

22
Q

What structures does air pass through in order from the trachea?

A
  • Trachea
  • Primary bronchus
  • Secondary bronchus
  • Bronchiole
  • Alveoli
23
Q

In what lower respiratory tract structures does the most resistance occur?

A
  • Trachea
  • Primary bronchi
  • Secondary bronchi
24
Q

How many primary bronchi are there?

A

2

25
Q

How can resistance to air be influenced?

A

Smooth muscle in the bronchus changing diameter

26
Q

What does contraction do diameter and resistance?

A
  • Decreases diameter

- Increases resistance

27
Q

What does relaxation do diameter and resistance?

A
  • Increases diameter

- Decreases resistance

28
Q

Why are the alveoli suitable for gas exchange?

A
  • Very thin walls

- High surface area

29
Q

Why can’t the airways prior to the alveoli not allow gas exchange and what is their function instead?

A
  • Walls too thick

- Conduction of the air

30
Q

What is the air in the airways prior to the alveoli known as?

A

Anatomical dead space

31
Q

What cells line the respiratory tract?

A

Epithelium

32
Q

What type of epithelium lines the respiratory tract and how does it change as you move closer to the alveoli?

A
  • Pseudostratified columnar ciliated cells in the higher up airways
  • Progresses to become more SQUAMOUS as you move down
  • Cilia are lost lower down
  • Mucous cells are lost lower down
33
Q

What other structures, besides epithelium and mucous, exist in the lining of the respiratory tract?

A
  • Glands
  • Lymph nodes
  • Blood vessels
34
Q

What are the functions of mucous in the respiratory tract

A
  • Moistens air
  • Traps particles
  • Provides cilia with a large surface area
35
Q

What cells produce the mucous

A

Goblet cells and sub epithelial glands

36
Q

What are the cells in the alveoli called that are responsible for gas exchange?

A

Pneumocytes

37
Q

What other cells are present in the alveoli

A

Macrophages

38
Q

What percentage of alveoli are type 1 pneumocytes and what is their primary function?

A
  • 97%

- Gas exchange

39
Q

What type of epithelium are type 1 pneumocytes

A

Simple squamous

40
Q

What are type 2 pneumocytes responsible for

A

Reducing surface tension

41
Q

What does the reduction of surface tension allow?

A

Less work needed to breathe

42
Q

What is correct body pH?

A

7.4

43
Q

What do type 2 pneumocytes contain to allow surface tension to be reduced?

A
  • Phospholipid

- Protein

44
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A
  • The movement of CO2 to the lungs

- Movement of O2 to the heart through the pulmonary great vessels

45
Q

What is systemic circulation

A
  • The movement of CO2 from tissues to heart

- Movement of O2 from heart to tissues

46
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the systemic circulation?

A

Between cells and capillary beds

47
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in pulmonary respiration?

A

Between alveoli and capillaries

48
Q

Why can gas exchange occur between alveoli and capillaries and cells and capillaries?

A
  • Thin walls
  • High surface area
  • Gas moves down the conc gradients

Respiratory Physiology (16 decks)

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