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Respiratory Physiology > Developmental Aspect of Lung Disease > Flashcards

Developmental Aspect of Lung Disease Flashcards

1
Q

At what weeks of gestation does the embryonic lung development phase span?

A

3 - 8 weeks

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2
Q

What happens first during the embryonic phase?

A

Lung offshoots off the foregut

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3
Q

What germ layer does the lung grow into?

A

Mesoderm

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4
Q

What does the primary bronchial tube act as at this point?

A

A gland

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5
Q

What does the bronchial tube gland secrete into?

A

Amniotic fluid

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6
Q

At this point, how close do blood vessels lie to airways?

A

Far away

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7
Q

What stage follows the embryonic stage and how long does it last?

A
  • Pseudo glandular - 5 - 17 weeks
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8
Q

What starts to form at the pseudo glandular phase?

A
  • Very early lung
  • Lobes become obvious
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9
Q

What starts to form in the bronchioles during the pseudoglandular phase?

A

Myofibrils

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10
Q

How much metabolic activity occurs during the pseudoglandular phase?

A

Lots

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11
Q

Describe the image relating to A) blood vessel position B) glandular aspect C) myofibrils

A

A) still far away from airways

B) acinar tubules widely branching

C) myofibrils forming around bronchioles

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12
Q

What is the next phase in lung development following the pseudoglandular and how long does it last?

A
  • Canalicular
  • 16 - 26 weeks
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13
Q

What is the main formation during the canalicular phase?

A
  • Squamous epithelium forms
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14
Q

What does the formation of the squamous epithelium during the canalicular phase allow?

A

Gas exchange to be possible

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15
Q

What else occurs during the canalicular phase to allow gas exchange to occur?

A

Blood vessels move closer to the saccules

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16
Q

What phase follows the canalicular phase and how long does it last?

A
  • Saccular
  • 24 - 38 weeks
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17
Q

What occurs during the saccular phase?

A

More saccules form

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18
Q

What phase begins at 36 weeks and can last 2/3 years after birth?

A

Alveolar phase

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19
Q

What happens to the saccules during the alveolar phase?

A

They turn into alveoli

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20
Q

What fills the alveoli during gestation?

21
Q

What is the name given to the separation of alveoli into segments?

A

Alveolar Septation

22
Q

How many alveoli does the average human start life with?

A

100 - 150 million

23
Q

How many alveoli does the average human have after septation?

A

200 - 600 million

24
Q

STUDY THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM

25
Q

When does surfactant begin to form?

A

Around 24 weeks

26
Q

STUDY THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM

27
Q

What is tracheal/laryngeal stenosis?

A

Abnormal narrowing of the main airways

28
Q

What is pulmonary agenesis?

A

Failure of lung development during the embryonic stage

29
Q

What is tracheo-oesophageal fistula?

A

Where the oesophagus infringes onto the trachea and they join together

30
Q

What is pulmonary sequestration?

A

When their is a functioning mass of normal lung tissue that has no link to the main airways

31
Q

What is cystadenamatoid malformation?

A

Areas of the lung that are solid or fluid filled masses that can have an effect on breathing

32
Q

What does congenital mean?

A

Present at birth

33
Q

What does the diaphragm start off as in development?

A

Tissue that fuses with the abdominal wall

34
Q

When does closure of the diaphragm occur?

35
Q

What can cause a diaphragmatic hernia during development?

A

Pulmonary hypoplasia - the diaphragm will infinge into the space where the lung should be

36
Q

What does eventration mean with reference to the diaphragm?

A

Some areas are more dense than others

37
Q

What functional change occurs during the first few breaths of life?

A

The lungs change from fluid secretion to fluid absorption to get rid of the fluid filling the airways

38
Q

What can result if the functionality of the lung is unable to change to fluid absorption?

A

Wet lung - acute respiratory distress

39
Q

What happens to the blood vessels around the alveoli during the first few breaths

A

Pulmonary vasodilation

40
Q

What does surfactant act as?

A

A detergent

41
Q

When do type 2 pneumocytes appear during development?

A

12 - 14 weeks

42
Q

What is the name of the disease given to a surfactant deficiency?

A

Hyaline Membrane Disease

43
Q

How is hyaline membrane disease treated?

A
  • Antenatal glucorticoids
  • Surfactant replacement
  • High conc. oxygen
  • Mechanical ventilation
44
Q

What are 2 examples of chronic neonatal lung diseases?

A
  • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
  • Chronic lung disease of prematurity
45
Q

What are the antenatal origins of adult lung disease?

A
  • In utero exposure to nicotine
  • Nutrition
  • Prematurity
46
Q

How does smoking affect FEV?

A

Decreases it

47
Q

If someone is born with poor lung function, what does it increase the risk of developing later in life?

48
Q

http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/humandev/2004/Chpt12-LungDev.pdf

Respiratory Physiology (16 decks)

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